128  Notes  on  Some  Saps  and  Secretions.  { km^Tcl\m^m- 
Fig.  j.. — Starch  of  Cimicifuga.    Magnified  iooo  diameters. 
Fig.  5. — Drawing  showing  tetrarch  radial  bundle  of  root  of  Cimicifuga,  mag- 
nified 110  diameters.  The  section  was  from  a  young  root,  in  which  the  medi- 
tullium  had  undergone  but  little  secondary  change,  a,  a  parenchyma  cell  from 
cortex  ;  b,  cell  of  endodermis  .  c,  pericambium  ;  d,  outer  end  of  xylem  ray  ;  e. 
phloem  ;  ftf}  meristem  forming  between  xylem  ray  and  phloem. 
Fig.  6. — Section  showing  central  part  of  an  older  root  in  which  the  secondary 
changes  have  made  further  progress.  Magnification,  no  diameters,  a,  paren- 
chyma cell  of  cortex  ;  b,  cell  of  endodermis  ;  c,  phloem  ;  d,  meristem  now 
traceable  as  a  cambium  zone  ;  e,  outer  extremity  of  xylem  ray;  f,  starch-bearing 
cells  formed  beneath  pericambium  ;  g,  cambium  opposite  outer  end  of  xylem 
ray  ;  k,  new  ducts  in  process  of  formation,  the  beginning  of  the  secondary 
xylem. 
Fig.  7. — Section  of  central  part  of  a  mature  root  in  which  the  secondary 
changes  have  been  completed.  Magnification,  about  60  diameters,  a,  paren- 
chyma cell  of  cortex  ;  b,  cell  of  endodermis  ;  c,  cambium  zone  ;  d,  duct  in 
secondary  xylem  ;  e,  broad,  wedge-shaped,  medullar}'  ray  ;  f,  outer  end  of  one 
of  the  original  xylem  rays  at  inner  end  of  medullary  ray;  /?,  inter-fascicular 
cambium.    Figs.  5,  6  and  7  are  from  the  author's  Laboratory  Exercises. 
NOTES    ON    SOME    SAPS    AND    SECRETIONS  USED 
IN     PHARMACY.  — 
By  P.  L.  Simmonds,  F.L.S. 
[Continued  from  p.  ioo.~\ 
Bntea  frondosa,  Roxb.  This  Indian  tree — the  Dhak  or  Pulas — 
yields  a  gum  which  is  sold  as  Bengal  kino.  It  occurs  in  the  form  of 
fragmentary  pieces  of  a  deep  claret  color,  mixed  with  similarly- 
shaped  particles  of  gray  bark.  The  purer  qualities  are  met  with  in 
round  tears,  often  bright  claret  colored  and  free  from  dirt.  It  may 
be  purified  by  solution  in  water.  The  brilliant  ruby- red  colored 
tears  are  translucent  and  very  brittle,  heat  rendering  them  more  so, 
instead  of  melting  the  gum.  With  age,  it  darkens,  and  becomes 
opaque.  In  native  medicine,  in  India,  it  is  largely  used  as  an 
astringent. 
Camphor  a  officinarum,  Nees.  The  aggregate  exports  of  camphor 
from  China  have  increased  considerably  of  late  years.  They  were 
22,231  cwt.  in  1892,  and  40,763  cvvt.  in  1893.  The  island  of  For- 
mosa yields  the  principal  quantities,  the  yearly  output  being  now  as 
much  as  41,650  cwt.,  shipped  from  the  ports  of  Tamsui  and  Tainan. 
The  exports  from  Japan  range  from  3,000,000  to  4,500,000  cattsen, 
=  35,714  cwt.  to  53,571  cwt. 
