254  Notes  on  Some  Saps  and  Secretions.  {^m'Alfy\l^xm 
wounding  the  bark  of  the  Jamaica  birch  {Bursera  gummifera,  Jacq.), 
a  white,  resinous  sap  exudes,  which  soon  hardens  and  is  in  no  way 
different  from  gum  Elemi. 
Elaphnum  Jacquinianum  and  E.  elemiferum,  natives  of  Mexico,  also 
produce  a  fragrant  balsamic,  glutinous  resin,  which  furnishes  one  of 
the  sorts  of  Elemi.  Elemi  is  very  friable,  and,  when  heated,  puffs  up 
and  melts.  In  boiling  water  it  agglomerates  without  melting ; 
slightly  soluble  in  ether,  insoluble  in  acetic  acid  and  caustic  soda, 
slightly  soluble  in  carbonic  sulphide,  soluble  in  turpentine,  slightly 
soluble  in  boiling  linseed  oil,  benzine  and  oil  of  naphtha.  Sul- 
phuric acid  dissolves  it,  coloring  it  a  dark  bistre  ;  nitric  acid  colors  it 
a  dirty  yellow  without  dissolving  it,  and  ammonia  does  not  act  upon 
it.  What  is  known  as  Manila  elemi  is  believed  to  be  a  resinous 
exudation  from  Canarium  commune,  Lin.  In  burning,  elemi  gives 
out  a  lively  and  agreeable  odor,  hence  it  is  used  for  incense  in  some 
churches. 
Kino.  Under  this  common  name  is  known  as  an  astringent  and 
resinous  deposit,  being  the  dried  sap  of  several  trees  of  India,  Africa 
and  Australia. 
The  best  Kino,  which  contains  about  75  per  cent,  of  tannic  acid, 
exudes  from  the  sap  of  Pterocarpus  marsupium,  DeC,  in  India,  and 
dries  in  angular  pea-like  grains  in  the  course  of  a  day  or  two. 
Another  kind  which  was  originally  brought  from  Africa,  under  the 
native  name  of  Kano,  is  the  sap  of  Pterocarpus  erinaceus,  Poir. 
Nearly  all  the  Australian  Eucalypti  exude  astringent  gum 
resins  in  considerable  quantity,  resembling  Kino  in  appearance  and 
property. 
The  red  juice  which  flows  from  fissures  in  the  barks  of  the  Indian 
creepers,  Butea  superba  and  B.  frondosa,  Roxb.,  yields  some  of  the 
Indian  Kinos.  Kino  is  commonly  used  in  medicine  as  a  powerful 
astringent,  especially  in  diarrhoea,  chronic  dysentery  and  other 
such  cases,  and  as  an  injection  in  leucorrhcea,  and  as  an  application 
to  ulcers. 
The  tincture  of  Kino,  although  used  medicinally,  has  an  incon- 
venience, which  is  found  to  arise  from  its  changing  to  the  gelatinous 
form. 
Kino  resin  is  dearer  than  it  has  ever  been  within  living  memory, 
£20  per  cwt.  being  now  the  nominal  quotation. 
