420  The  Commerce  in  Vegetable  Oils.  {AmiSsrt)Pi£rm' 
other  fixed  oils,  45,470  gallons,  value,  $28,308,  dutiable.  The  vola- 
tile or  essential  oils  imported  in  the  States  in  the  last  ten  years 
were  : 
Pounds.  Dollars. 
1885   4,594  10,184 
1886   3,536  19,917 
1887   2,220  6,546 
1888   4,820  7,776 
1889   53,374  10,375 
1890  -.   19,707  10,018 
189 1   74,972  12,765 
1892   19,080  10,233 
1893   80,320  16,931 
1894   16,862  9,252 
The  exports  from  China  were  fixed  oils  (which  include  benne  oil, 
ground-nut,  tea  seed  and  wood  oils),  as  follows,  in  piculs  of  133  ^ 
pounds : 
Fixed  Oils. 
Volatile  or  Essential. 
(Aniseed,  Cassia  Leaf,  etc.) 
Piculs. 
Value. 
Piculs. 
Value. 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
43,39° 
49,643 
44,589 
44,062 
152,069 
196,92s 
£61,000 
7o,6So 
62,109 
55,551 
200,557 
162,965 
2,074^ 
2,207^ 
2,i74K 
3,i68 
2,273^ 
2,685^ 
£51,943 
55,J53 
62,300 
83,045 
57,623 
75,688 
From  British  India  the  fixed  oils  exported  are  chiefly  castor  oil, 
3,000,000  gallons  yearly ;  cocoanut  oil,  1,500,000  gallons;  a  small 
quantity  of  til,  or  gingilie  (sesame),  250,000  gallons,  and  of  other 
kinds  of  oil,  about  300,000  gallons.  The  volatile  or  essential  oils 
exported  from  India  are  now  about  18,000  gallons,  valued  at 
£44,000. 
The  specific  gravity  of  oils  has  been  carefully  determined,  and  is 
of  some  consequence.  To  be  of  value,  the  specific  gravity  should 
be  carefully  taken  at  a  temperature  of  6o°  Fahr.  The  oliometre  should 
be  marked  with  ordinary  specific  gravity  degrees,  water  being 
1,000,  and  the  face  allowed  on  the  stem  for  each  degree  should  not 
be  less  than  one-tenth  of  an  inch.  As  a  rough  rule,  i°  of  gravity 
may  be  substituted  for  every  2^  per  cent,  excess  of  temperature 
above  6o°  Fahr. 
