Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  \ 
September,  1895.  / 
Chinquapin. 
455 
from  the  young  chestnut.  The  leaves  are  9  to  1 5  centimeters  long 
by  3  to  6  5  centimeters  at  the  widest  portion. 
The  flowers  are  aments  or  catkins  and  are  of  two  kinds.  The 
lower  are  staminate,  being  14  centimeters  long,  calyx  5  to  6  parted, 
stamens  5  to  20,  filaments  slender,  anthers  two-celled.  The  fertile 
flowers  are  above,  fewer  and  are  interrupted.  The  catkins  are  6  to 
7  centimeters  long,  usually  one,  sometimes  two  clustered  together, 
with  an  ovoid  scaly  involucre,  covered  with  trichomes,  which  in  the 
fruit  becomes  coriaceous  and  beset  with  prickles,  and  is  4-lobed. 
Nut  is  solitary  in  the  burr,  ovoid,  11  to  16  mm.  long  by  7  to  12 
mm.  wide.  The  bees  derive  honey  from  the  flowers  during  early 
summer  (June). 
The  chinquapin  grows1  from  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  and  the 
Valley  of  the  Lower  Wabash  River,  Indiana,  south  and  southwest 
to  Northern  Florida  and  the  Valley  of  the  Neches  River,  Tex.  It 
has  been  found  in  Southern  New  Jersey  and  the  adjoining  corner  of 
Pennsylvania,  along  the  Delaware  River.  In  the  Atlantic  States  it 
is  reduced  to  a  shrub  and  attains  its  maximum  development  further 
south.  It  grows  on  rich  hillsides,  borders  of  swamps,  and  is  espe- 
cially seen  on  the  borders  of  roads,  clearings,  etc.  It  is  suggested 
as  suitable  for  an  economical  hedge.  It  is  most  common  and  reaches 
its  greatest  development  in  Southern  Arkansas. 
The  wood  of  the  chinquapin  is  light,  hard,  strong,  cross-grained, 
durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  and  liable  to  check  in  drying. 
It  equals  that  of  the  chestnut.  In  sp.  gr.  it  is  0-5887  ;  ash,  o  12  per 
cent.,  and  weighs  36-69  pounds  per  cubic  yard.    It  has  the  following 
strength  and  fuel  value  : 
Approximate  relative2  fuel  value    58  80 
Coefficient  of  elasticity  in  kgms.  per  mm   1,141 
Ultimate  transverse  strength  in  kgms   423 
Ultimate  resistance  to  longitudinal  crushing  in  kgms   7>923 
Resistance  to  indentation  to  1-27  mm.  in  kgms   1,887 
1  Agricultural  Department  Reports  :  1854,  410;  i860,  421  ;  1868,  281  ;  1875, 
175. 
2(i)  The  fuel  value  is  obtained  by  burning  the  wood  in  a  combustion  tube  in 
a  current  of  oxygen  and  determining  the  per  cent,  of  C  from  C02,  collected  in 
the  KOH  bulb,  and  the  H  from  the  amount  of  H20  found  in  the  CaCl,  tube. 
Then  knowing  the  specific  gravity  and  ash  by  the  usual  calculations  for  calorific 
value  of  fuel,  the  fuel  value  per  kilogramme,  or  per  cubic  decimeter  or  approxi- 
mate relative  value  of  the  wood,  may  be  calculated. 
(2)  The  strength  of  wood  is  ascertained  by  means  of  "  testing  machines," 
