204  Pharmaceutical  Colleges  and  Associations.  {^\l^^i'iss^^"^ 
PHAKMACEUTICAL  COLLEGES  AND  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. — The  examination  of  the  stu- 
dents of  the  Junior  class  was  held  on  Thursday,  February  15.  In  the  fore- 
noon each  student  was  required  to  prepare  a  quantity  of  granulated  citrate  ' 
of  potassium,  and  to  percolate  four  troy  ounces  of  ground  glycyrrhiza  with 
a  menstruum  made  by  mixing  half  a  fluidounce  of  water  of  ammonia  with 
twelve  fluidounces  of  water.  In  the  afternoon  the  written  examinations 
took  place,  the  questions  being  as  follows  : 
PHARMACY. 
1.  How  vddiWY  grains  are  there  in  a  kilogramme^  decigramme^  and  cubic 
centimeter  of  water  at  4°C  ? 
2.  Define  Percolation  and  Reper eolation^  and  illustrate  the  practical 
application  of  the  latter  in  making  twelve  pints  of  a  fluid  extract. 
8.  What  are  Fluid  Extracts  f  How  do  they  differ  in  strength  from  those 
formerly  officinal ?    What  is  SiW  Extract?    What  is  Siii  Abstract  f 
4.  Define  a  Pharmaceutical  Syrup.  Describe  three  methods  of  making 
Syrups,  and  give  an  example  of  each  method  showing  why  you  would 
jDrefer  to  use  the  particular  method  in  the  example  that  you  have  chosen. 
5.  What  is  the  process  of  Crystallization  f  Describe  three  methods  of  pro- 
ducing crystals.    Define  Dialysis. 
BOTANY  AND  MATERIA  MEDIC  A. 
1.  Describe,  in  a  general  way,  the  cells  comj^osing  fibro-vascular  bundles^ 
and  the  arrangement  of  these  bundles  in  the  stems  of  Dicotyledons  and. 
Monocotyledons. 
2.  Define  the  terms  Tree^  Shrub,  and  Annual,  Biennial  and  Perennial 
Herb.    Give  an  example  of  each. 
3.  What  is  the  fruit  of  the  Graminacete  called,  and  which  of  its  tissues, 
contains  starch  ? 
4.  Give  the  botanical  name  and  habitat  of  Boneset.  Describe  the  drug  and 
give  its  medicinal  properties. 
5.  Give  the  botanical  characters  of  Panunculacece,  and  name  three  drugs- 
derived  from  this  natural  order. 
CHEMISTRY. 
1.  How  do  we  explahi  the  fact  that  heat  is  necessary  to  change  ice  at  0°C.. 
into  water  at  0°C.,  or  water  at  100°C.  into  steam  at  106°C.  ?  Give  an  exam- 
ple of  another  liquid  that  jDroduces  cold  by  evajDoration.  Mention  some 
practical  apj^lications  of  this  principle.  How  is  the  same  principle  made 
use  of  in  freezing  mixtures  ? 
2.  What  is  ?^  Simple  Magiietf  What  is  sun  Electro-magnet  f  What  dif- 
ference is  there  in  their  action  ?  Of  what  different  materials  are  they  com- 
posed ? 
3.  What  is  the  j^roper  chemical  name  of  Calx  chlorata  ?  How  is  il  made  ?' 
What  are  its  uses  in  pharmacy  and  in  the  arts? 
4.  Describe  the  commercial  manufacture  of  Sulphuric  Acid,  and  give  the 
chemical  reactions  which  take  place  in  the  course  of  the  manufacture. 
5.  Describe  the  several  varieties  of  Phosphorus,  and  mention  the  points  of 
difference  between  them. 
COMMITTEE. 
1.  What  is  the  source  of  Sulphur?  In  what  forms  does  it  occur  in  com- 
merce? Give  the  officinal  process  for  the  preparation  of  Precipated  Sul- 
phur. What  impurity  mny  the  commercial  article  contaiii  ?  What  is  this 
impurity,  and  how  may  it  be  detected  ? 
2.  What  is  understood  by  the  Specific  Gravity  of  a  body  ?   How  would 
