608 
Calcium  Lactophosphate. 
f  Am.  Jour.  Pharm- 
l       Dec,  1883. 
These  reactions  preclude  the  production  of  a  calcium  lactophosphate^ 
properly  so  called.  Recently,  however,  the  writer  has  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  resulting  compounds  are,  strictly  speaking,  lacto- 
phosphates  in  a  truly  chemical  sense.  Various  organic  acids  directly 
unite  with  one  another,  or  with  their  own  normal  salts,  in  a  distinctly 
chemical  manner,  in  certain  definite  proportions,  and  yet  with 
their  atomicities  and  basicities  previously  saturated.  As  in  such 
instances  a  redistribution  of  the  links  of  valence  cannot  be  assumed,, 
the  writer  conceived  a  subdivision  of  the  involved  affinities,  and  termed 
this  new  condition  ultra  valence.  In  the  so-called  acid  calcium  lactate,, 
for  instance,  1  m.  of  normal  calcium  lactate  is  directly  united  with 
2  ms.  of  lactic  acid,  just  as  in  the  case  of  the  appended  water  of  the 
hydrites.  Now,  this  chemical  state  cannot  be  represented  by  unit 
atomicities,  but  can  at  once  be  indicated  on  the  assumption  of  fractional- 
atomicities. 
In  sivch  combinations  it  becomes  necessary  to  employ  a  new  notation,, 
characteristic  of  the  principle  of  ultravalence.  Accordingly,  acid  cal- 
cium lactate  may  be  written  thus :  (HLcg) — Ca — (HLC2).  At  first 
appearance  this  formula  does  not  differ  from  the  usual  notation,  and  in 
reality  it  is  merely  an  extension  of  the  principle  of  apparent  valence. 
The  new  theory  assumes  that,  just  as  in  an  unsaturated  radicle  the 
inapparent  or  static  bonds  do  service  within  the  compound  molecule, 
so  do  the  active  bonds  when  the  molecule  is  recompounded  in  a  radicle 
form.  This  is  aptly  illustrated  by  assuming,  for  instance,  a  triad  ele- 
ment to  combine  with  one  monad  radicle.  The  resulting  unsaturated 
compound  molecule  now  acts  as  a  dyad  radicle,  which,  after  combining 
with  another  monad,  still  has  the  property  of  a  monad  radicle.  But 
after  uniting  a  third  time  it  yet  continues  to  coalesce  with  saturated. 
and  unsaturated  molecules. 
The  doctrine  of  atomicity  is  now  apparently  exhausted,  and  does 
not  profess  to  explain  this  persistent  activity.  Unit  atomicities  now 
cease  to  be  applicable,  but  the  doctrine  still  prevails  after  the  assump- 
tion of  fractional  bonds.  This  is  again  made  plain,  if,  as  in  the  case 
of  argentous  chloride,  for  instance,  we  assume  an  argentic  molecule 
made  up  of  three  silver  radicles,  held  together  by  their  full  atomic 
power,  and  replace  one  of  them  by  a  chlorine  radicle.  The  chlorine 
here  assumes  the  place  and  function  of  the  vacated  silver  radicle,  in 
whatever  degree  of  union  this  previously  possessed. 
The  generation  of  potassic  diiodide  is  similarly  effected  from  a  triple: 
