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MANUFACTURE  OP  COD  LIVER  OIL  IN  NORWAY. 
in  Norway  by  small  manufacturers,  is  carried  out  by  conducting 
the  steam  from  a  cylindrical  boiler  by  several  pipes  into  as  many 
barrels  containing  the  livers,  each  furnished  with  stop-cocks  at 
different  heights.  As  the  steam  operates,  the  lighter  colored  oil 
separates  and  rises  to  the  top,  and  should  be  drawn  off  as  soon 
after  it  separates  as  possible.  The  oil  obtained  afterwards  is 
more  colored  and  odorous,  and  it  is  thought  that  the  solvent  ac- 
tion of  the  steam  extracts  such  substances  as  iodine  and  bro- 
mine compounds  from  the  oil,  and  thus  injures  it. 
To  obviate  this  inconvenience,  most  of  the  regularly  organized 
factories  in  Norway  have  an  apparatus  consisting  of  a  vessel 
surrounded  by  a  steam  jacket,  so  arranged  that  the  oil  can  filter 
off  in  measure  as  it  separates,  which  is  considered  to  be  a  great 
improvement.  This  apparatus  consists  of  a  cylindrical  vessel 
enclosing  another  cylindrical  vessel  of  smaller  diameter  and  less 
height,  joined  steam-tight  to  the  first  by  a  rim  at  the  top.  The 
inner  vessel  has  a  conical  diaphragm,  dividing  it  into  two  parts, 
which  diaphragm  is  constructed  of  some  material  which  acts  as  a 
filter,  admitting  the  oil  to  flow  into  the  lower  apartment,  whence 
it  is  drawn  off  by  a  stop-cock,  passing  latterly  through  the  steam 
chamber.    This  arrangement  answers  a  good  purpose. 
We  saw  at  Bergen  an  apparatus  made  by  one  of  our  pharma- 
ceutists, M.  Bouilly,  which  has  appeared  the  simplest  and  most 
convenient  of  all.  This  consists  of  a  cast-iron  boiler,  so  ar- 
ranged that  a  large  curved  tube  passing  through  it  constitutes 
part  of  the  chimney  of  the  furnace  which  heats  it.  From  the 
top  of  this  boiler  four  pipes  convey  the  steam  to  four  jacketed 
conical  boilers,  each  capable  of  holding  three  or  four  barrels. 
The  livers  are  placed  in  these,  duly  disintegrated,  and  as  the  oil 
separates  it  is  removed  at  once  into  a  large  vessel  called  a  Kyler, 
to  cool.  During  its  cooling  it  becomes  clear,  forms  an  abundant  de- 
posit from  which  the  oil  is  decanted  and  preserved  in  tinned  iron 
vessels,  which  are  preferable  to  wooden  barrels,  which  sometimes 
give  color  to  the  very  white  oil  obtained  at  the  commencement  of 
the  process. 
When  the  livers  are  thus  exhausted  of  the  white  oil,  they  are 
removed  to  a  large  boiler  and  heated  by  a  regulated  direct  heat, 
until  much  of  the  oil  remaining  separates  as  a  blonde  oil. 
i 
