PRESENT  STATE  OP  OUR  KNOWLEDGE  OF  CINCHONA.  421 
little  more  than  two  years,  attained  an  elevation  of  more  than 
seven  feet  and  spreading  in  every  direction. 
Mr.  Markham  says,*  "  The  0.  Calisaya,  the  most  famous  of 
all  the  South  American  bark  trees,  and  which,  in  its  native  for- 
ests, is  alike  the  most  beautiful  and  the  richest  in  quinine,  has 
not  been  a  success  in  India.  I  was  grieved  to  see  the  plants  of 
this  species  only  five  feet  ten  inches  high,  and  six  and  a  half 
inches  in  girth,  at  an  age  of  three  years,  while  their  stunted  and 
shrubby  appearance,  with  dim  colored  leaves,  is  as  different  as 
possible  from  the  glorious  Calisaya  of  the  Caravayan  forests." 
Mr.  Howard  is  endeavoring,  in  correspondence  with  Mr. 
M'lvor,  to  ascertain  the  occasion  of  this  contrast.  It  is  not  im- 
possible that  something  may  be  due  to  the  different  effects  of 
light  passing  twice  through  glass,  by  which  means,  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  actinic  power  (about  half,  as  ascertained  by  photo- 
graphic effects)  is  arrested.  Mr.  Markham  says,f  that  in  a  po- 
sition which  he  examined  "  exposed  to  the  full  glare  of  the  sun, 
there  was  a  profusion  of  Melastomaceoe  ;tnd  no  Cinchona,"  for 
"the  latter  evidently  dislike  very  exposed  situations;"  and 
again  he  says,  "  the  Calisaya  avoids  the  banks  of  a  river,  never 
being  found  within  several  hundred  feet  of  it ;  it  prefers  the 
steepest  declivities  of  the  mountain  sides,  and  a  great  deal,  though 
not  too  much  shade."  Mr.  Markham  speaks  of  "  a  locality  well 
adapted  for  the  growth  of  the  Calisaya,"  where  young  plants  re- 
ceive shade  from  taller  trees,  while  they  also  enjoy  plenty  of 
sunshine  through  the  spreading  branches.  Perhaps  this  has  not 
been  sufficiently  attended  to  in  India. 
It  is  further  evident  that  there  are  very  distinct  varieties  of 
the  Calisaya,  and  that  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  the  kind 
hitherto  cultivated  by  Mr.  M'lvor  is  the  best,  although  "  de- 
scended from  those  procured  by  Dr.  Weddell  himself,  in  the  for- 
ests of  Caravaya  and  Bolivia." 
Dr.  Weddell  gave  to  one  of  these  varieties  (the  Calisaya  mo- 
rada)  the  name  of  C.  Boliviana,  and  described  it  as  a  separate 
species,  but  in  an  article  communicated  to  the  Botanical  Society 
of  France,  in  March,  1855,  after  having  seen  in  his  second  jour- 
*  In  letter  to  the  Under-Secretary,  etc.,  16th  January,  1866. 
f  Letter  to  the  Under-Secretary  for  India,  June  9,  1860. 
