^'"fc?75!''""}    Development  of  the  Chemical  Arts,  507 
liable  of  being  broken  against  the  bottom  of  the  container,  and  it  can 
be  modified  should  a  demand  for  this  instrument  arise  ;  manufacturers 
of  syringes  could  easily  be  induced  to  make  for  this  special  purpose  an 
instrument  having  a  flat  bottom,  with  the  perforations  similar  to  those 
of  a  vaginal  syringe.  The  only  useful  additions  that  can  be  suggested 
are,  that  cork  or  rubber  be  substituted  for  the  usual  cotton  candle- 
wicking  employed  to  form  the  suction  valve,  that  an  extra  heavy  rim  of 
glass  be  placed  just  below  the  perforated  diaphragm,  which  would  form 
a  kind  of  base  of  rest,  and,  at  the  same  time,  be  somewhat  of  a  pro- 
tection to  the  diaphragm  against  breakage.  The  accompanying  cut  will 
illustrate  my  idea  of  the  instrument. 
My  procedure  for  using  the  apparatus  has  been  the  following  :  I  first 
weigh  or  measure  into  the  bottle  or  graduate,  in  which  I  propose  to 
make  the  emulsion,  the  mucilage  and  equal  parts  of  water,  mix  them 
together  by  raising  and  lowering  the  plunger  several  times ;  then  add 
the  requisite  quantity  of  the  oil  to  be  emulsified,  and  work  the  piston 
the  necessary  length  of  time,  until  a  homogeneous  mixture  has  been 
formed ;  then  add  the  remainder,  or  the  whole  quantity  of  the  men- 
struum ;  mix  again  by  the  use  of  the  instrument,  and  the  emulsion  is 
finished.  In  this  manner  I  have  made  good  emulsions  of  almond, 
olive,  castor,  turpentine  and  cod -liver  oils,  also  of  the  balsams  of  copaiva 
and  fir  ;  and  this  principle  can  be  applied  where  an  intimate  mixture  of 
fluid  bodies  is  desirable.  The  instrument  is  easily  cleaned  by  water, 
which  washes  and  removes  a  good  emulsified  body  from  any  vessel ; 
and,  where  odor  is  very  persisting  in  adhering  to  the  instrument,  from 
the  low  price  it  costs,  one  could  be  designated  and  kept  for  each  odor- 
ous body. — Pharmacist^  October,  1875. 
REPORT  ON  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  CHEMICAL  ARTS 
DURING  THE  LAST  TEN  YEARS  * 
BY  DR.  A.  W.  HOFMANN. 
(Continued  from  page  422.) 
If  we  consider  oxygen  from  these  three  points  of  view,  its  metallur- 
gical applications  first  draw  our  attention.  What  it  has  already  done 
for  the  platinum  manufacture  has  been  explained  above.  For  the 
autogenous  soldering  of  lead  it  has  been  dispensed  with,  since  hydrogen 
*  "  Berlchte  iiber  die  Entwickelung  der  Chemischen  Industrie  Wahrend  des  Letz- 
ten  Jahrzehends." 
