AFeiD™aJyPi9a2rr' 3     Centenary  of  Pharmaceutical  Education.  79 
ing  and  the  attempt  of  some  influential  person  or  body  of  men 
to  affect  action  in  accordance  therewith.  With  the  result  in  evi- 
dence, it  is  usually  easy  to  trace  back  to  the  original  source  the 
doctrines  and  theories  from  which  the  event  sprung. 
The  institution  of  The  Philadelphia  College  of  Apothecaries 
was  not  a  spontaneous  occurrence  of  the  time  but  was  foreshadowed 
by  a  series  of  arguments  and  teachings  promulgated  since  1765. 
In  that  year  Dr.  John  Morgan,  returning  from  Europe,  where  he 
had  assiduously  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine  in  Lon- 
don, Edinburgh  and  Paris,  joined  with  Dr.  Wm.  Shippen,  Jr.,  in 
founding  the  first  medical  school,  the  Medical  School  of  the  College 
of  Philadelphia.1 
In  his  "Discourse  Upon  the  Institution  of  Medical  Schools  in 
America,"  delivered  at  the  commencement  of  the  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, May  30-31,  1765,  he  publicly  advocated  the  introduction  of 
the  regular  mode  of  practicing  physic  in  Philadelphia. 
As  a  graduate  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Edinburgh,  he 
had  subscribed  to  its  code  of  ethics  adopted  in  1754,  which  pro- 
hibited their  fellows  and  licentiates  "from  taking  upon  themselves  to 
use  the  employment  of  an  apothecary,  or  to  have  and  to  keep  an 
apothecary  shop.'"2 
Bringing  back  from  Europe  this  advanced  idea,  Dr.  John 
Morgan,  as  the  first  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic 
in  America,  boldly  championed  the  principle  that  medical  men 
henceforth  should  confine  themselves  to  prescribing,  leaving  to  the 
apothecary  the  preparing  and  compounding  of  medicines.  He  con- 
sistently advocated  the  dissociation  of  surgery  and  pharmacy  from 
the  practice  of  medicine  proper,  and  in  this  initial  address  argued: 
1  The  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  was  estab- 
lished in  1779,  and  in  1791  these  two  medical  schools,  by  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature, were  united  under  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.! 
2  This  action  was  an  attempt  to  reform  the  practice  of  medicine  as  car- 
ried on  in  Great  Britain  in  accordance  with  the  law  enacted  in  151 1,  by  which 
the  right  to  practice  medicine  in  England  was  vested  in  the  "faculty  of  med- 
icine," who  were  privileged  to  practice  medicine,  surgery  and  pharmacy. 
The  apprentices  and  assistants  of  the  medical  practitioners  were  termed 
"Apothecaries."  Their  functions  were  the  dressing  of  wounds,  extracting  of 
teeth,  bleeding  and  preparing  the  medicines  and  compounding  the  prescrip- 
tions of  their  preceptors.    In  the  American  Colonies,  this  custom  of  the  Eng- 
