1 68  Founding  of  Phila.  College  of  Pharmacy.       j  A™-J™hr-  i92irm' 
Chimney  Sweep,  Sweep  Master,  Tallow  Chandler  are  remi- 
niscent of  the  open  hearth  wooden  fires  and  the  meagre  illuminating 
facilities  of  a  period  antedating  the  use  of  coal  or  kerosene  for 
heating  or  lighting. 
Carter,  Cordzvainer,  Fishmonger^  Ostler,  Scrivener,  Soap- 
boiler, Tavern  Keeper,  Victualler,  White  Smith  and  Woodsawyer 
each  carry  evidence  of  the  close  association  of  the  language  of  that 
time  with  the  mother  tongue  of  England. 
Pepperpotmaker  is  an  occupation  confirming  the  early  origin 
of  Philadelphia's  gastronomic  distinctiveness  which  is  still  acknowl- 
edged in  some  directions. 
Friction  matches  had  yet  to  be  invented.  Daguerre  had  not  yet 
practiced  his  art  of  reproducing  likenesses,  hence  the  only  pictures 
we  have  of  the  founders  who  died  before  1840  are  from  oil  paint- 
ings or  miniatures.  Gold  had  yet  to  be  discovered  in  California, 
and  oil  in  Pennsylvania.  Elias  Howe  had  not  yet  invented  the 
sewing  machine. 
Letter  postage  ranged  from  six  cents  to  twenty-five  cents  for 
a  letter  of  a  single  sheet  of  paper,  depending  upon  the  distance 
it  was  carried. 
The  first  train  of  railway  cars  had  yet  to  run,  while  the  tele- 
graph, telephone  and  typewriter  were  in  the  dim  and  misty  future. 
Percolation  had  not  been  suggested  for  drug  extraction.  Alkaloids 
were  of  such  recent  discovery  that,  they  were  still  called  vegetable 
alkalies. 
The  work  of  Liebig,  Berzelius,  Wohler  and  Pasteur  was  still 
to  be  done. 
Heat  was  discussed  as  a  material  substance  in  the  works  in 
physics  and  was  usually  called  caloric. 
Professional  and  scientific  interest  and  education  was  just 
awakening  along  certain  lines. 
The  University  of  Pennsylvania  had  established  its  Medical 
School  a  bare  half-century  before  and  was  then  conducting  a  three- 
year  course,  attended  by  several  hundred  students,  and  numbered 
among  its  professors  such  distinguished  men  as  Dr.  John  Redman 
Coxe,  Dr.  Robert  Hare,  Dr.  Philip  S.  Physick,  and  Dr.  W.  C.  P. 
Barton.  The  course  in  Natural  Sciences  at  this  same  Institution 
had  not  yet  emerged  from  the  difficulties  which  attended  the  teach- 
ing of  science  at  a  time  when  science  and  irreligion  were  looked 
upon  as  synonymous  by  many.    In  that  department  the  professors 
