1921™' }       Founding  of  Phila.  College  of  Pharmacy.  169 
received  no  salaries  and  were  required  to  furnish  their  own  appar- 
atus and  specimens  and  were  not  considered  members  of  the  faculty. 
There  was  no  distinct  department  of  Chemistry  at  the  Uni- 
versity, the  instruction  in  that  branch  being  given  in  connection 
with  medicine.  A  memorial  which  had  shortly  before  been  pre- 
sented to  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  signed 
by  Drs.  Rush,  Wistar,  Barton  and  Physick,  is  worth  quoting  in  full 
to  illustrate  the  field  which  chemistry  was  then  supposed  to  cover  : 
"It  is  peculiarly  expedient  that  the  Professor  of  Chemistry  should  have 
a  full  and  extensive  knowledge  of  medicine,  because  very  many  valuable 
articles  of  the  materia  medica  are  derived  from  chemistry  and  the  nature  of 
these  articles  can  only  be  understood  by  a  person  who  has  a  competent 
knowledge  of  both  chemistry  and  medicine.  The  students  of  medicine  who 
almost  exclusively  support  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry  are  induced  to  do 
so  in  consequence  of  its  application  to  Pharmacy  and  the  different  branches 
of  medicine.  No  man  can  teach  Pharmacy  unless  he  has  some  knowledge 
of  the  practice  of  medicine  and  the  application  of  chemistry  to  physiology 
and  the  other  branches  of  medical  science  can  only  be  taught  by  a  chemist 
who  understands  them." 
The  chair  of  Materia  Medica  in  the  University  was  changed 
in  181 8  to  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy,  which  was 
continued  unchanged  in  title  for  many  years.  A  similar  change 
had  occurred  some  years  before,  but  had  been  abandoned.  All  final 
examinations  for  a  doctorate  degree  were  conducted  orally  and  often 
before  the  Trustees  of  the  Institution.  Each  applicant  was  required 
also  to  publicly  defend  his  thesis,  which  was  an  original  dissertation 
required  as  part  of  his  collegiate  work. 
Text  books  and  reference  books  on  Chemistry  were  fairly 
numerous  even  then,  but  none  had  appeared  in  which  the  use  of 
chemical  symbols  simplified  the  teaching  of  reactions.  Some  of 
the  most  popular  treatises  of  the  day  on  Chemistry  were  in  the 
style  of  "conversations,"  a  stilted  and  prolix  form  which  has  no 
counterpart  today.  "Chemical  Amusement"  was  the  title  of  another 
book  of  the  period.  This  was  written  by  Frederick  Accum,  who  is 
noted  as  the  author  of  "A  Treatise  on  Adulterations  of  Food,  and 
Culinary  Poisons"  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1820,  one  of  the 
earliest  treatises  of  its  kind. 
James  Cutbush.  concerning  whose  work  and  character  Dr. 
Edgar  Fahs  Smith  has  contributed  a  most  interesting  monograph, 
was  an  early  Philadelphia  Chemist  and  Apothecary  who  published 
