186  Pharmacy  Hundred  Years  Ago.  S™' 
sentatives  after  successfully  getting  through  the  Missouri  Compro- 
mise (1820)  ;  when  John  C.  Calhoun  was  Secretary  of  War;  when 
DeWitt  Clinton  was  Governor  of  New  York  and  was  directing  the 
construction  of  the  Erie  Canal;  when  Lincoln,  Lee  and  Jefferson 
Davis  were  lads  of  from  12  to  14,  unconscious  of  their  future  role 
in  the  sombre  drama  of  1861-65 ;  when  John  Jacob  Astor  and  Peter 
Cooper  were  amassing  those  fortunes  that  were  to  bring  into  being 
the  Cooper  Institute  and  the  Astor  Library. 
Eighteen  Twenty-One,  when  Audubon  was  gathering  material 
for  his  great  work,  "The  Birds  of  North  America"  (published  in 
1827)  ;  when  Nuttall,  the  Anglo-American  botanist  and  erstwhile 
Philadelphian,  published  his  book,  "Travels  in  Arkansas  in  1819"; 
when  Benjamin  Silliman,  founder  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Science  (1818),  was  professor  of  chemistry,  pharmacy,  geology  and 
mineralogy  at  Yale  College. 
Philadelphia  in  1821. 
As  mentioned  above,  in  1821  Philadelphia  was  the  first  city 
of  America  in  population,  and  a  glimpse  of  the  City  of  Brotherly 
Love  a  century  since  may  be  worth  while.  As  to  topography,  it 
is  interesting  to  note  that  Southwark  seemed  to  be  the  southern 
edge  of  the  city,  while  we  read  that  in  1826,  when  Edward  Needles 
started  his  store  at  Twelfth  and  Race,  he  was  called  "the  frontier 
apothecary,"  since  across  the  street  as  a  large  field  enclosed  in  a 
post  and  rail  fence;  that  in  1829,  Wm.  Biddle  opened  a  store  at 
Eleventh  and  Arch  Streets,  and  feared  he  was  making  a  mistake 
in  going  so  far  into  the  suburbs;  that  in  1821,  Farr  &  Kunzi  built 
their  new  factory  at  Ninth  and  Brown,  then  the  outskirts  of  the 
city,  and  that  for  years  after  D.  B.  Smith  opened  his  store  at 
Sixth  and  Arch,  the  neighbors  took  chairs  out  into  the  street  and 
sat  under  the  shade  of  the  trees,  all  of  the  morning,  without  being 
disturbed  by  a  passing  vehicle.  In  appearance  it  evidently  still 
resembled  the  quaint  town  of  1795,  so  charmingly  described  by  S. 
Weir  Mitchell  in  his  "Red  City" — "the  single  spire  of  Christ  Church 
rising  high  over  the  red  brick  city  *  *  *  the  town  stretching 
north  and  south  along  the  Delaware,  and  beyond  it  the  woodland 
*  *  *  Westward  on  Chestnut  Street,  pastures,  cows,  country, 
and  to  the  north  a  fine  forest  known  as  the  Governor's  Wood. 
*  *  *  A  mile  further  *  *  *  a  river  flowing  slowly  by." 
A  town  where  chains  were  still  put  across  the  streets  in  front  of 
