198  Influence  of  Pharmacists  on  Chemistry.  \^\l™h  ^mm' 
Priestly  contributed  far  less  to  the  advance  of  chemistry  than 
a  Swedish  apothecary  named  Scheele,  who  had  discovered  oxygen 
two  years  before  Priestly,  although  he  had  not  published  his  dis- 
covery until  after  Priestly's  announcement.  Scheele  also  discov- 
ered the  important  element,  chlorine,  in  1774,  and  many  other  of 
our  most  important  and  valuable  chemical  substances,  such  as  tar- 
taric, oxalic,  citric,  gallic  and  lactic  acids,  as  well  as  glycerin  and 
many  other  substances.  In  fact,  the  work  of  this  Swedish  worker, 
an  apothecary  during  the  whole  of  his  career,  represents  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  contributions  to  the  advance  of  chemistry. 
If  we  take  one  country  after  another,  and  look  at  the  records 
of  discovery  of  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  we  will 
find  repeated  illustrations  of  the  contributions  of  pharmacists  to 
(the  stock  of  chemical  knowledge. 
For  instance,  in  Germany,  Marggraf  who,  in  1747,  discovered 
beet  sugar,  and  may  be  said  to  have  been  the  founder  of  the  beet 
sugar  industry  of  the  world,  was  a  Berlin  apothecary,  and  made 
many  other  chemical  discoveries.  Klaproth,  who  is  credited  with 
the  discovery  of  four  of  our  chemical  elements,  started  as  a  phar- 
macist. Heinrich  Rose,  one  of  the  great  mineral  chemists,  and 
later  Professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin,  began  as  a  pharmacist, 
and  his  father  and  grandfather  before  him  were  pharmacists. 
Poggendorf,  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  University  of  Berlin,  and 
a  name  well  known  in  the  literature  of  chemistry,  was  for  eight 
years  a  practicing  pharmacist. 
Turning  to  the  French  list,  we  have  the  names  of  Vauquelin, 
a  discoverer  of  several  of  our  chemical  elements,  who  was  con- 
nected with  the  Paris  School  of  Pharmacy,  and  Pelletier  and 
Caventou,  the  discoverers  of  quinine,  and  Labarraque  also  actively 
engaged  in  pharmacy.  The  great  Pasteur,  whose  services  to  chem- 
istry and  preventive  medicine  are  universally  recognized  throughout 
the  world,  was  an  apothecary  and  not  a  chemist  in  the  beginning 
of  his  career. 
Two  of  the  most  eminent  chemists  of  our  own  day,  namely, 
Berthelot  and  Moissan,  were  both  professors  in  the  Ecole  Superieure 
de  Pharmacie  in  Paris. 
Similarly,  one  of  the  great  lights  of  English  chemistry,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century,  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  who  is  credited 
with  the  discovery  of  some  seven  or  eight  of  our  chemical  elements, 
was  an  apothecary's  clerk  in  the  beginning  of  his  career. 
