Am'M°aUy'i^iarm'£       Echinacea — Reply  to  Dr.  Real.  325 
regrets,  as  we  do,  that  only  an  abstract  of  the  paper  was  published 
in  this  Journal.  It  may  be  said  here  that  the  first  idea  was  to 
reprint  the  paper  in  this  Journal  and  that  the  abstract  was  pre- 
pared only  when  it  became  apparent  that  space  could  not  be  given 
the  longer  article.  The  writers,  however,  have  at  their  disposal  a 
limited  number  of  reprints  of  their  paper  and  will  be  glad  to 
furnish  copies  to  those  who  apply  for  them  as  long  as  their  supply 
lasts. 
Dr.  Beal  has  adopted  the  statistical  method  in  analyzing  our 
data.  There  can  be  little  objection  to  this  procedure  when  applied 
to  data  of  the  physical  sciences  ;  the  law  of  averages,  the  method k 
of  least  squares,  and  the  theory  of  probability  are  of  great  service 
in  such  a  connection.  But  when  there  is  a  question  of  animal  ex- 
perimentation— biological  science — the  great  number  of  factors 
which  enter  into  the  case  renders  mathematical  treatment  uncertain 
unless  there  is- a  very  large  number  of  experiments  upon  which  to 
base  conclusions.  Of  these  factors  only  a  few  can  be  evaluated; 
the  larger  portion  are  beyond  control.  Fortunately,  however,  it  is 
possible  to  control  within  narrow  limits  the  factors  which  are  of 
importance  in  most  investigations  and  the  only  untoward  result  that 
is  due  to  the  minor  uncontrollable  factors  is  some  small  variability 
in  the  behaviors  of  the  animals. 
The  number  of  experimental  animals  which  Ave  used  was  small 
because,  as  we  stated  in  the  published  account,  the  definiteness  of 
our  results  did  not  seem  to  warrant  a  further  sacrifice  of  animals 
and  because  we  obtained  no  evidence  which  would  sanction  a  hope 
that  data  derived  from  a  larger  number  of  experiments  would  con- 
trovert the  conclusions  that  we  arrived  at  with  the  data  actually 
obtained.  Dr.  Beal  has,  however,  indicated  other  conclusions  which 
he  thinks  a  clinician  might  fairly  draw  from  our  figures.  These  we 
purpose  to  consider  in  detail. 
Tetanus. — Twenty-nine  animals  were  given  the  toxin.  Nine- 
teen were  given  echinacea  preparations,  four  were  given  the  same 
strength  of  alcohol  as  those  animals  received  which  had  been  given 
the  "Specific  Medicine  Echinacea,"  and  six  control  animals  were 
untreated.  All  of  the  animals  died.  Of  the  controls  three  died  in 
two  days  and  three  were  found  dead  on  the  morning  of  the  third 
day.  Of  the  experimental  animals  four  which  received  each  7  ml. 
of  remedy  died  in  two  days ;  five  received  4  ml.  of  remedy  and  of 
