Am.  Jour,  Pharm. 
Dec,  1921. 
Professional  Training. 
849 
master  of  its  practice  may  not  benefit  by  some  knowledge  of  its 
theory.  All  of  us,  whatever  our  business  may  be,  are  indebted  for 
our  training  to  the  same  two  teachers — Madame  How,  who  tells  us 
what  to  do  in  a  given  emergency ;  and  Lady  How,  who'  enlightens 
us  as  to  the  true  inwardness  of  her  colleague's  bidding.  At  the 
same  time,  although  there  is  no  vocation  whose  members  can  hope 
to  "make  good"  until  they  have  been  fully  instructed,  the  needs  of 
most  callings  vary  as  to  the  extent  to  which  acquaintance  with  their 
principles  is  essential,  and  as  to  the  manner  in  which  a  knowledge 
of  theory,  as  contrasted  with  practice,  may  be  best  imparted. 
Even  in  crafts  where  a  knowledge  of  underlying  principles 
appears  least  essential,  the  question  has  another  side.  Every  crafts- 
man is  the  servant  of  his  calling,  with  well-defined  duties  to  it.  But 
every  calling  has  reciprocal  duties  towards  its  servants,  who  are 
entitled  to  take  steps  to  ensure  their  fulfilment.  In  matters  like  this 
"Providence  gives  most  help  to  those  that  help  themselves,"  and  there 
is  no  calling,  whatever  its  nature  or  importance,  whose  members 
may  not  become  better  citizens  if  they  think  out  the  meaning  of 
acts  which  habit,  in  their  particular  cases,  has  converted  into  "sec- 
ond nature." 
VARIATIONS  IX  TRAIXIXG  :  MEDICIXE. 
Modifications  in  training  necessary  at  different  times,  and  varia- 
tions in  training  possible  at  a  given  time,  are  best  understood  if 
actual  cases  be  considered.  Medicine  affords  a  good  example  of  the 
one,  husbandry  of'  the  other. 
Public  opinion  insists  that  training  in  medicine  shall  go  hand- 
in-hand  with  training  in  surgery.  Though  the  duties  in  the  two  arts 
may  differ,  the  law  ordains  that  before  a  neophyte  may  practise 
either,  he  must  be  able  to  undertake  both.  The  obligation  to  secure 
a  "double  qualification"  involves  complete  professional  training  in 
the  fabrica  of  surgery,  the  institutes  of  medicine,  and  the  materia 
both  arts  share  with  pharmacy. 
Originally,  practical  pupilage  was  the  recognised  procedure.  It 
worked  fairly  well.  The  surgical  fabrica,  before  the  advent  of  anti- 
septics, were  patent  to  the  eye ;  success  in  practice  depended  on  cau- 
tion and  manipulative  skill.  The  medical  institutes  consisted  largely 
of  physiological  and  pathological  postulates,  which  might  be  mem- 
orised; success  in  practice  rewarded  natural  sagacity  and  saving 
