852 
Professional  Training. 
5  Am.  Jour,  Pharm. 
(      Dec,  1921. 
proportion  of  students  so  trained  is  steadily  increasing.  But  their 
existence  is  due  to  idiosyncrasy;  it  is  not  the  result  of  reasoned 
medical  policy. 
The  effect  of  intensive  preliminary  scientific  discipline  becomes 
most  marked  during  professional  training  in  the  institutes  of  an 
art  or  craft.  Pupils  who  have  only  mastered  the  principles  of  the 
underlying  sciences  use  the  institutes  as  a  means  to  the  fuller  un- 
derstanding of  practice ;  those  disciplined  in  their  truths  display 
an  inclination  to  serve  the  institutes.  This  is  not  unnatural.  Some 
who  find  the  physiological  side  of  the  institutes  of  medicine  especially 
attractive  show  a  tendency  to  omit  the  study  of  practice  and  to 
refrain  from  seeking  a  medical  qualification.  This  is  not  from 
lack  of  interest  in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of  disease.  Much 
recent  progress  in  both  is  due  to  the  institutes  rather  than  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine ;  some  noteworthy  advances  have  emanated  directly 
from  those  pure  sciences  on  which  physiology  and  pathology  de- 
pend. The  pathological  side  of  the  institutes  now  feels  disposed 
to  contend  that  neither  in  diagnosis  nor  in  treatment  can  the  sur- 
geon or  the  physician  be  regarded  as  an  expert. 
Perhaps  in  leaving  the  provision  of  intensive  preliminary  train- 
ing in  pure  science  to  hazard,  medicine  acts  advisedly.  The  influ- 
ence of  such  a  training  is  subject  to  a  potent  limiting  factor;  the 
demand  for  physiologists  and  pathologists  is  restricted.  Some  who 
would  gladly  devote  themselves  to  the  service  of  the  institutes  feel 
compelled  to  study  medical  practice.  This  does  not  always  modify 
their  outlook.  Disciples  whose  academic  record  might  justify  ex- 
pectation of  the  highest  rewards  attending  successful  treatment  of 
disease,  devote  themselves,  after  qualifying,  to  its  prevention.  They 
adopt  this  branch  of  their  art,  not  so  much  because  prevention  was 
the  primary  purpose  of  medicine,  as  because  medical  investigation 
in  this  field  is  free  from  the  philosophical  shortcomings  of  clinical 
observation. 
THE  RAISON  D'ETRE  OF  PRIMITIVE  HUSBANDRY  AND  PHARMACY. 
Alterations  in  outlook  lead  to  modifications  of  policy.  Primi- 
tive man,  inadequately  informed,  distinguished  health  from  sick- 
ness when  he  invented  husbandry  to  maintain  the  one  and  phar- 
macy to  alleviate  the  other.  This  archaic  misunderstanding  explains 
the  belief,  still  at  times  entertained,  that  physiology  and  pathology 
