Ambe°cTi?2iarm' }  Professional  Training.  857 
FOUR  TYPES  OF  TRAINING. 
In  callings  like  pharmacy  or  gardencraft  we  find,  then,  that 
there  are,  or  may  be,  at  least  four  distinct  types  of  training.  We 
may  have  practical  pupilage  alone;  or  we  may  have  a  training  in 
pure  science  (1)  as  a  prelude,  (2)  as  a  complement,  or  (3)  as  a 
supplement  to  practical  pupilage.  Let  us  consider  briefly  the  leading 
characteristics  of  each  type. 
The  part  which  pupilage  unaided  may  play  in  the  formation 
of  character  is  perhaps  less  appreciated  now  than  it  once  was.  The 
first  aim  of  pupilage  is,  by  means  of  instruction  and  supervision, 
to  make  the  pupil  expert  in  his  vocation.  But  where  supervision  is 
thorough  the  pupil  undergoes  education  as  well.  Were  this  not  so, 
pupilage  might  be  almost  as  valueless  as  attendance  at  a  school  when 
games  are  forbidden.  The  system  of  teaching  now  prescribed  has 
to  subserve  preparation  for  examinations.  Teachers,  through  no 
fault  of  theirs;  are  largely  limited  to  the  task  of  imparting  instruc- 
tion, and  the  education  their  pupils  obtain  is  mainly  acquired  un- 
consciously while  at  play.  That  the  instruction  given  is  good  does 
not  alter  the  fact  that,  where  examinations  must  be  prepared  for, 
education  suffers. 
AN  OBJECT-LESSON  FROM  THE  EAST. 
To  supply  evidence  that  pupilage  may  educate  as  well  as  in- 
struct let  me  take  you  to  the  East.  In  an  Indian  botanical  institu- 
tion, where  the  horticultural  officers  were  Europeans  trained  in 
science  after  pupilage  in  gardencraft,  we  had  a  staff  of  competent 
native  gardeners.  The  needs  of  the  institution  being  special,  these 
gardeners  had  undergone  pupilage  there.  That  institution  had  been 
in  existence  over  a  century  when,  for  the  first  time  in  its  history, 
some  of  our  most  promising  young  native  gardeners  left  toN  take 
service  with  an  enterprising  fellow-countryman  whose  business  in- 
volved the  use  of  sawmills  and  similar  industrial  appliances. 
When  asked  what  had  led  him  to  entrust  gardeners  with  un- 
familiar duties  and  pay  them  commencing  salaries  exceeding  what 
they  could  ever  hope  to  earn  in  their  own  calling,  their  new  em- 
ployer was  quite  frank.  Good  labour,  he  explained,  was  abundant; 
reliable  supervision  was  scarce.  At  first  his  overseers  were  uni- 
versity graduates,  trained  in  technical  colleges.    Yet  there  had  been 
