AmApriir;i9oiarm'}    Recejit  Literature  Relating  to  Pharmacy.  193 
Cytisin  is  a  secondary  base  (forming  with  alkyliodides  a  tertiary), 
while  anagyrine  reacts  as  a  tertiary  base. 
Comparison  of  the  two  formulae  seems  to  show  that  anagyrine 
is  butyl  cytisin. 
However,  none  of  the  efforts  to  convert  cytisin  into  butyl  deriva- 
tives— several  successful ! — yielded  true  cytisin.  Anagyrine  yields 
with  barium  permanganate  a  peculiar  crystalline  base,  C15H20N2O2, 
which  appears  to  be  similar  to  the  peroxides  of  tertiary  bases 
studied  by  Merling  and  others.  The  physiological  effect  of  ana- 
gyrine is  different  from  cytisin. — (Dr.  F.  M.  Littescheid,  Arch.  Ph., 
1900,  191.)  H.  V.  A. 
MALARIA  AND  THE  MOSQUITO. 
Progress  in  the  investigation  of  the  causation  of  malaria  is  pro- 
ceeding steadily,  and  definite  proof  has  now  been  obtained  that  the 
bite  of  a  malarious  mosquito  causes  malaria  in  a  non-malarious  dis- 
trict, also  that  if  one  lives  in  a  malarious  district  and  escapes  being 
bitten  by  a  malarious  mosquito  perfect  health  is  retained.  The 
latter  is  the  more  important  fact,  and  we  owe  it  to  Dr.  Louis  Sam- 
bon  and  Dr.  G.  C.  Low,  who,  as  stated  in  an  illustrated  note  which 
we  published  on  July  7,  have  since  May  been  living  in  the  malaria- 
infested  Campagna  of  Rome  in  a  mosquito-proof  house,  and 
although  a  month  of  the  experiment  has  still  to  run,  Professor 
Grassi,  a  leading  Italian  physician,  has  telegraphed  to  Dr.  Manson, 
who  first  formulated  the  mosquito-malarial  theory,  that  the  experi- 
menters are  in  perfect  health  and  have  been  all  the  time,  although 
around  them  the  inhabitants  of  the  Campagna  are  malaria-stricken. 
Drs.  Sambon  and  Low  have  taken  no  other  precaution  than  that  of 
the  protection  provided  by  the  house ;  they  have  taken  no  anti- 
malarial physic,  and  have  breathed  the  "  malaria-stricken  exha- 
lations "  which  constitute  the  atmosphere  of  the  Campagna.  This 
is  ample  proof,  therefore,  that  the  old  "  exhalation "  theory  is 
wrong,  and  that  we  have  to  seek  for  the  cause  of  malaria  somewhere 
else.  That  the  mosquito  is  the  infection-carrier  there  can  no  longer 
be  any  doubt.  Members  of  the  Liverpool  school  who  went  out  to 
the  gold  coast  and  were  not  bitten  by  mosquitoes  did  not  take 
malaria ;  one  member  of  the  party  who  was  bitten  had  a  severe 
attack  of  the  fever.  But  that  was  in  a  malarious  district,  and  there 
was  wanted  by  the  skeptical  proof  of  malarial  infection  by  the  mos- 
