Am 'ju°iy!''i9oi.arm' }  International  Congresses.  317 
Bley  and  Dr.  Geiseler)  of  the  North  German  and  [Dr.  Rieckher)  of 
the  South  German  Apothecaries'  Associations.  It  contained  the 
statement  that  at  the  last  annual  meeting  of  the  General  German 
Apothecaries'  Association,  held  at  Wiesbaden  in  September,  1864,  a 
resolution  had  been  adopted  for  arranging  an  international  pharma- 
ceutical congress,  that  this  proposition  meanwhile  had  met  with  the 
endorsement  of  other  pharmaceutical  societies  at  their  meetings,  and 
that  the  city  of  Brunswick  had  been  chosen  as  place  of  meeting. 
It  was  further  stated,  that  the  number  of  attendants  should  not  be 
restricted,  but  that  only  delegates  of  recognized  pharmaceutical 
associations  would  be  entitled  to  voting,  and  that  the  deliberations 
will  be  conducted  in  the  German  language,  while  the  use  of  French 
and  English  was  also  to  be  admitted. 
The  following  queries  were  proposed  for  the  consideration  of  the 
meeting  : 
( r )  How  and  by  what  means  can  the  professional  position  of  the  pharmacist 
be  maintained? 
(2)  How  can  the  insufficient  supply  of  assistants  be  remedied  to  the  advan- 
tage of  both  the  employers  and  the  employees  ? 
(3)  Are  the  benevolent  funds  instituted  in  support  of  sick  and  invalid  assist- 
ants and  of  their  widows,  a  success  or  a  failure  ? 
(4)  What  are  the  main  disadvantages  prevailing  in  maintaining  the  standing 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  pharmacist  ? 
(5)  Would  the  principle  of  free  competition  extended  to  pharmacy  improve 
the  condition  of  the  pharmacist  and  offer  any  advantage  to  the  public  ? 
(6)  How  can  a  uniformity  of  the  formulae  of  the  pharmacopceial  galenicals 
be  attained  ? 
(  7)  Is  the  universal  introduction  and  adoption  of  the  metric  system  in  weights 
and  measures  desirable  and  what  is  the  best  way  to  bring  it  about  ? 
(8)  Should  pharmacopoeias  invariably  be  written  and  published  in  the  Latin 
language  ? 
(9)  How  can  quackery  and  the  nostrum  evil  effectually  be  checked  and 
suppressed  ? 
(10)  How  is  the  sale  of  poisons  to  be  regulated  so  as  to  prevent  abuse  dan- 
gerous to  life  and  health,  without  at  the  same  time  making  the  useful  applica- 
tion of  poisons  too  difficult  ? 
FIRST  INTERNATIONAL  PHARMACEUTICAL  CONGRESS  IN  BRUNSWICK,  1 865. 
The  Congress  took  place  immediately  after  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  North  German  Apothecaries'  Association  in  Brunswick,  Sep- 
tember 16  and  17,  1865.  Only  a  few  sessions  were  held  and 
attended  by  twenty-nine  delegates,  representing  twelve  pharma- 
ceutical societies  of  Germany,  Austria,  Russia,  France  and  Sweden. 
