Am   Jour.  Fharm 
June,  r88o 
Caiisaya  Ledgeriana. 
307 
B.  Ether  dissolves  only  a  part — 
A  sample  is  boiled  with  ten  times  the  quantity  of  alcoholic  potash  solu- 
tion till  saponified  and  the  soap  heated  with  100  volumes  of  water. 
[a]  The  soap  is  completely  soluble. 
Japanese  ^ivax. 
\  b)  The  soap  is  partially  soluble. 
Beesnjoax Ajrican  heesnvax. 
II.  The  chloroformic  solution  becomes  cloudy  on  cooling. 
A.  Alcoholic  solution  of  acetate  of  lead  gives  no  cloudiness. 
(«)  The  ethereal  solution  of  the  wax  becomes  cloudy  on  the  addition  ot  aa 
equal  volume  of  alcohol. 
Brazilian  and  Carnauha  nxiax. 
[h)  The  ethereal  solution  remains  clear. 
Bahia  njjax. 
— Phar7n.  your,  and  Trans. March  20,  p.  749. 
Origin  of  the  CALISAYA  LEDGERIANA  of  COMMERCE. 
By  John  Eliot  Howard,  F.  R.  S. 
I  have  been  induced  to  review  the  question  of  the  origin  of  the  now 
celebrated  bark  above  named,  and  am  able  to  publish  for  the  first  time 
■details  which,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Ledger,  I  withheld  in  1876,  when 
I  gave  extracts  from  his  letters  in  my  "  Quinology  of  the  East  Indian 
Plantations." 
We  are  indebted  not  to  systematic  botanists,  but  to  the  experience 
and  practical  sagacity  of  an  Indian,  for  our  knowledge  of  the  best  kinds 
of  caiisaya  bark  ;  whilst  to  Mr.  C.  Ledger  belongs  the  whole  credit  of 
the  enterprise  of  obtaining  the  precious  seed  to  which  the  hope  of 
future  success  attaches  in  Java  and  perhaps  in  other  parts  of  the  East 
Indies. 
I  have  pleasure  in  now  recording  the  name  of  the  above-mentioned 
Indian  servant  of  Mr.  Ledger — Manuel  Incra  Mamani — to  whom  was 
entrusted  in  1861  the  commission  of  obtaining  the  seed  of  the  best 
caiisaya.  At  page  48  of  my  (unfortunately)  little  accessible  Quin- 
ology of  the  East  Indian  Plantations  "  will  be  found  many  details,  but 
I  now  quote  more  fully  from  Mr.  Ledger's  original  letters.  Under 
date  December  22,  1874,  I  find  the  following: 
"  Manuel  Tncra  Mamani  delivered  the  seed  he  had  collected  in  June, 
1865.  He  then  told  me  that  the  best  bark  trees  had  not  produced  ripe 
seed  for  four  years  previously.  When  the  trees  were  full  of  flower  and 
■most  promising  a  frost  {helada)  in  April  destroyed  it  all.    The  inferior 
