PHARMACY IN SPAIN. 
273 
asmuch as it enlightens us as to the history of our art as 
practised by the Arabs. 
A Jewish university established at Sara, in Asia, in the 
ninth century, produced some remarkable men. 
In the Arabian schools of Cordova, Seville, Murcia, Sara- 
gossa, Toledo, &c. &c, the works of numerous authors are 
found, which are deserving of note. It is known that Aben- 
zoar, who lived in the twelfth century, made the manufac- 
ture of syrups and electuaries his particular study — the pre- 
paration of medicines, the properties of medicinal plants, 
and the method of mixing them. In the fourteenth century, 
a work entitled Liber Secretorum, was written by Bubacar, 
in which he speaks of the salt of urine, and of a species of 
moon obtained in distilling urine with white clay, chalk, 
and carbonated organic matters, a process which greatly 
resembles that employed by Brandt in the 18th century, to 
obtain phosphorus, and which might have been already 
known by Bubacar. 
Under the government of Alonzo the Judge, in 1 252, divers 
laws were passed relative to the practice of medicine and 
pharmacy ; inspections were made twice a year, from the 
commencement of the fourteenth century. The fueros of 
the provinces necessarily caused differences in the legal 
enactments, but nevertheless, a general system of organiza- 
tion was manifested at this period. In 1403, under the 
reign of D. Martin, severe laws were established relative to 
the sale of active preparations, and punishments were in- 
flicted when accidents occurred from their use. 
Lopez de Villalobas wrote, in 148S, when but nineteen 
years of age, a treatise in verse, entitled, A Summary of 
Medicine, in which he devotes numerous stanzas to pur- 
gatives, theriaca, ointments, and plasters. Towards the end 
of the fifteenth century, Julius Gutieris de Toledo wrote 
some interesting observations on syrups and juleps. 
The first Pharmacopoeia published by a chemist was in 
1497, by Pierre Benedicto Matheo, who, as is seen, wrote 
