AmbJc°tu,ri892harm-}  Plants  Yielding  Tanning  Materials.  531 
tannic  acid  according  to  Kathreiner,  Eitner  and  others.  Renard 
gives  27  per  cent,  and  Villon  30  per  cent.,  of  which  3  per  cent,  is 
difficultly  soluble.  Bokhara  galls  are  from  the  Indian  tamarisk 
(terebintbacese) ;  their  percentage  of  tannin  has  been  variously 
given  from  26  per  cent,  to  50  per  cent. 
Osier  (Salix  viminalis)  contains  7- 10  per  cent,  of  tannin  in  its 
bark,  which  is  largely  used  in  Northern  Russia. — Salicaceoe. 
Quebracho  comes  from  nearly  all  the  Eastern  States  of  South 
America  (source  of  aspido-spermine) ;  red  quebracho  (Loxopterygium 
Lorentzii)  contains  16-22  per  cent,  of  u  aspido-spertannic  acid," 
while  white  quebracho  (Aspidosperma  Quebracho)  only  contains 
1 0-1 1  per  cent.  At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  leather  tanned 
with  quebrahco  was  shown  for  the  first  time  in  Europe,  and  in 
1874-75,  the  utility  of  this  wood  became  recognized  in  France.  In 
whatever  form  quebracho  wood  is  to  be  used,  exposuie  to  air  should 
be  avoided  as  much  as  possible  ;  a  sample  which  had  a  titre  of 
20  per  cent,  of  tannin  when  freshly  cut  was  found  to  contain  only 
16  per  cent,  after  six  months'  storage. 
Red  rhatany  (Krameria  triandra. — Polygalacese)  grows  in  Argen- 
tina, Brazil,  Chili  and  Alsace  ;  its  bark  contains  "  rhatania-tannic 
acid."  The  dried  extract  is  with  difficulty  distinguished  from  kino; 
the  bark,  however,  contains  42  5  per  cent,  of  tannin,  while  kino 
averages  50  per  cent. 
Pine. — The  bark  of  Finns  Picca  (Linn.)  contains  6-7  per  cent, 
of  a  variety  of  pitannic  acid.  Pinus  canadensis  (Linn.)  is  the  hem- 
lock (white  spruce)  so  much  used  as  tannage  in  the  United  States; 
the  bark  contains  8-10  per  .cent,  of  tannin.  The  bark  of  Pinus 
abies  (Linn.)  contains  7-8  per  cent,  of  tannin.  Villon  found  25  per 
cent,  of  tannin  in  the  inner  bark  of  Pinus  Aleppensis,  3  or  4  per 
cent,  in  the  outer  bark,  and  7  per  cent,  in  the  cones. 
Larch  [Larix  europcea)  bark  contains  1-66  per  cent,  of  tannin 
according  to  Davy,  and  5-8  per  cent,  in  springtime  according  to 
Muller.    There  is  no  tannin  in  the  wood  of  any  of  the  Coniferse. 
Sumac  is  from  several  species  of  rhus,  of  which  Rhus  coriaria  is 
the  chief.  The  percentage  of  tannin  in  various  sumacs  is  from 
IO-28  2  per  cent. 
Tormentilla  reptans  and  T.  erecta  (Rosaceae),  wild  in  the  Alps  and 
Pyrenees,  are  employed  as  tannage  in  the  Faroe  Islands,  where 
they  produce  a  red  leather.    They  contain  tannin  in  the  flowers 
