As°ptembr;rfim ' }      Food  and  Dru&  Coiurse  Lecture.  459 
Hibiscus  bark  is  employed  for  pulmonary  complaints. 
Cassia  buds  are  used  for  fevers. 
Pceonia  albiflora.    The  roots  are  used  for  menstrual  disorders. 
Platycodon  grandifiorum.    The  roots  are  employed  as  a  common 
tonic  and  stomachic. 
Dr.  Wilson  also  showed  a  number  of  Andean  species  of  cin- 
chona ;  large  bales  of  coca  leaves ;  numerous  rolls  of  cinnamon, 
and  the  various  forms  of  preparations  made  from  guarana.  He 
stated  that  the  seeds  of  the  Paullinia  sorbilis  are  dried,  powdered, 
and  mixed  with  water  and  moulded  into  a  kind  of  dough  and 
then  made  into  various  forms  of  animals  and  rolls.  When  used, 
these  animals  or  rolls  are  grated  into  powder  on  the  bones  which 
form  the  roof  of  a  large  fish's  mouth,  and  then  heated  in  water. 
In  order  to  illustrate  the  primitive  conditions  under  which  the 
sugar  industry  is  conducted  in  many  of  the  smaller  islands  of 
the  West  Indies,  Mr.  Tbothaker  showed  a  number  of  lantern  slides 
made  from  negatives  taken  on  a  recent  trip.  He  described  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  by  the  open  pan  process  as  it  is  still  prac- 
ticed in  Barbados.  In  this  densely  populated  island  where  labor 
is  comparatively  cheap,  modern  sugar  machinery  is  almost  unknown. 
Hundreds  of  old  fashioned  windmills  each  with  four  great  sails 
which  turn  the  trade  wind,  grind  the  cane  as  it  is  fed  by  hand 
between  little  rollers.  The  stalks  are  brought  in  from  the  field 
on  the  heads  of  men,  women,  and  children,  and  the  crushing  ex- 
tracts only  a  small  percentage  of  the  juice.  After  drying  in  the 
sun,  the  crushed  cane  is  burned  under  the  large  iron  pans  in 
which  the  juice  is  boiled  down.  The  sugar  obtained  in  this 
process  is  of  low  grade,  brown  in  color,  and  full  of  molasses.  The 
molasses,  however,  is  much  superior  to  that  produced  by  more 
modern  mills.  Some  of  the  planters  finding  that  their  low  grade 
sugar  is  not  so  profitable  as  their  molasses  have  ceased  to  make 
sugar,  and  boil  the  cane  juice  only  enough  to  make  a  thick  syrup. 
This  finds  a  very  ready  sale  in  Canada,  and  is  one  of  the  important 
exports  from  Barbados.  The  wharves  of  Bridgetown  present  a 
scene  of  the  greatest  activity  with  crowds  of  native  workmen 
loading  lighters  and  sailing-ships  with  hogsheads  of  molasses  and 
syrup,  and  bags  of  sugar. 
Mr.  George  T.  Hastings  gave  a  short  talk  illustrated  by  lantern 
slides  and  described  the  modern  sugar  factories  in  the  United 
States,  West  Indies,  and  Hawaii,  where  the  largest  possible  amount 
