THE AUSTRALIAN NATURALIST. 108 
for example, T'hysanothectwm hyalinum is rarely found except 
on decaying stumps, usually those that have been charred, 
which it seems to prefer; Cladonia bacillaris, a beautiful 
scarlet-fruited species is always found growing on decaying logs 
buried in the ground, but with their surface just exposed. 
Mountainous country, with high ranges of hills, rocky 
precipices and tortuous ravines offer the greatest number of 
forms or species. In this class of country lichens seem to 
attain their maximum development in the form of large 
foliaceous Stictze and Parnelias. Some of the former attain a 
diameter of eighteen inches and upwards. 
It is interesting to note that lichens collected in the deep 
gorges or ravines of Mt. Victoria, Mt. Wilson, Belmore Falls, 
near Bowral, Mt. Kosciusko, and in some parts of New Kng- 
land (N.S.W.), have much in common with the Lichen-flora of 
Mt. Hotham and Mt. Macedon in Victoria, Mt. Wellington in 
Tasmania, and Ben Lomond in New Zealand. 
CoLLECTING AND PreservinG or Licuens.—This is a com- 
paratively easy matter, and one that demands no cumbrous or 
expensive apparatus: an old knife, a hammer and chisel, a 
few shallow boxes (match boxes will do), a good supply of 
newspaper, and a tin box or bag are all that is required in the 
field. lichens may be collected all the year round. Some of 
the larger foliaceous or fruticulose forms will be found growing 
on the bark of many trees, wooden fences, decaying wood, 
stones or rocks, old rags, leather and broken glass, and on the 
soil. Often as many as fifteen species may be found 
on the bark of a single tree. _ If the Lichen is growing on the 
trunk or branch ofa tree, it will be necessary to take a piece 
of the bark with it; if on the ground a thin-bladed knife 
will remove it free of soil, but often a portion of the latter is 
better taken with the plant, as it aids in keeping the specimen 
together ; if on rock, and it cannot be removed with a knife 
without breaking the plant too much, a piece of the stone must 
be chipped off ; if growing on loose stones in the beds of 
creeks or the like, the whole thing may be collected. 
I find that pieces of newspaper cut into various sizes are 
best for collecting purposes. These may be made into 
quadrangular “ pockets.” To make a pocket, bring the sheet 
up to within about one inch of the top and then turn it down 
and crease it ; next turn the top inch down and crease that 
also, and then fold back about an inch on either end. If the 
unprinted margin of the paper is brought to the top when 
making the pocket, rough field notes can be made thereon. 
These pockets are much better than paper bags, because 
specimens can be examined without being removed, and with 
less risk of damage. 
Some of the larger foliaceous forms will require a little 
pressure until dry, and this can be done while still in the 
