42 THE AUSTRALIAN NATURALIST. 
methods have been adopted under a Sanitary Commission 
in Havana, the beautiful capital of Cuba, and in the Panama 
Canal, where during the French occupation over 50,000 per- 
sons are said to have died, yellow fever has been stamped 
out and malarial fever is well in hand. All this has come 
about in a few years, the workmen on the Canal live and 
sleep in mosquito-proof houses, and all breeding places of 
the mosquitoes filled in, covered, or oiled. 
In the Roman Compagna, Ismalia in Egypt, and the Fed- 
erated Malay States similar work has been sucessfully carried 
out, and with the mosquito the fevers have vanished or been 
greatly reduced. 
In Australia little or no attention has been paid to de- 
stroying or treating the breeding places of local mosquitoes 
but with the knowledge thata‘single tub or house bucket in 
the back yard in which stagnant water has been allowed to 
remain for a week, will breed enough mosquitoes to render 
life outside a mosquito net miserable, we may expect that 
every householder will look after all receptacles that may 
breed these blood-sucking pests. 
We now come to another important group of biting, or 
rather blood-sucking flies; everyone who has read works on 
‘African Travels’’ will recall the damage to flocks and 
herds by the Tsetse Fly which attacks horses and cattle, and 
in biting them infects the blood with a somewhat similar 
blood parasite (Trypanosoma brucet,) causing a deadly disease 
called ‘“‘Nanguna.’’ This fly allied to our March flies was 
described by Westwood in 1850, under the name of Glossina 
morsitans. 
In 1902, Dr. Dutton of the Liverpool Tropical School of Me- 
dicine, while studying tropical fevers in the African colony of 
Gambia, discovered a similar parasite in the blood of a native 
which he called “T’rypanosomu gambiense.” ‘In the same 
year,’’ Boyce says, ‘“‘the world was made aware by Bruce and 
Castellane of the fact that the mysterious and deadly disease 
which was rapidly spreading in Central Africa—‘Sleeping Sick- 
ness’—was due to the same parasite. After careful investi- 
gation it was discovered that this deadly disease was trans- 
mitted to man by the bite of another ‘‘Tsetse Fly’’ described 
many years before under the name of (Glossina nobilis. 
This fly was abundant along the edges of the swamps and 
marshes and the shores of the great lakes, and as the 
infected natives came out from the Congo forests along the 
new trade routes to Uganda, the flies became infected 
from these negroes, and within the last few years the whole 
population has been swept off the land as if by a plague, and 
it is estimated that over 200,000 natives have died in Uganda 
