12 
SUSE AEE NC ARDE ARE 
matrix made in the bark, as is done in ordi- 
nary budding, but are pushed up into a 
matrix made by making the T-shaped cut 
upside down. The wounds and buds are 
covered with waxed bands, such as we 
adopt in grafting. After the buds “take” 
the tops of the hmbs are removed. Some- 
times this is done at once, and the trunks 
and stumps are whitewashed against sun- 
scald. Others prefer removing the tops 
gradually. The buds are taken from 
rounded shoots, and triangular wood or 
thorny buds avoided. 
In late districts grafting will be carried 
out by ordinary methods, where scions are 
procurable. Bark-grafting is usually the 
most successful method to follow at this 
somewhat late period. Although not gene- 
rally practised, there is no reason why, 
with the exercise of proper care, woody 
scions should not be cut and inserted dur- 
ing the growing season, as buds are cut and 
inserted. The drawback to bark-grafting 
is the ease with which the growing scions 
are broken off during the first two or three 
~ years. This difficulty may be overcome by 
fastening a stake to the old stock, so that 
it stands up against and parallel to the 
scion. ‘T'o this the growing scion is tied 
securely, and should be kept tied for two or 
three seasons. A good secondary help is 
found in pinching out the growing points 
of the shoots on the scion from time to 
time. This gives a temporary check, and 
increases the robust chaiacter of- the 
growth. If not done the shoots grow top 
heavy and sway about, thus increasing the 
danger of dislocation. In the case of large 
stocks, a good number of the shoots arising 
therefrom should be retained for a season 
or two. ‘They will shelter the -stem from 
the sun, assist in an equal diffusion of sap, 
and thus keep all parts alive and healthy. 
They also assist in the vegetable functions 
of the tree, enabling the top to utilise the 
large root system and keep it alive and ac- 
tive. If they tend to overreach or outgrow 
the scions, then judicious pinching should 
be reverted to from time to time. The 
healing over of wounds upon the stock is 
most important, and they should be dres- 
sed annually with paint or wax to keep out 
decay until the growing callus envelops 
them. 
The spring season starts many garden 
pests into activity. Until the dry, settled, 
hot weather sets in the black aphis of the 
peach will be likely to cause trouble. These 
insects are very troublesome owing to their 
rapid breeding habits, and to the difficulty 
of bringing any spray into direct contact 
with their bodies after the leaves afford 
them shelter. There are several well-tried 
spray washes, vi2., kerosine emulsion, resin 
wash, and tobacco and soap wash being 
most generally used. Of these I prefer 
the latter, as the materials are obtainable 
anywhere, and the method of manufacture 
simple and rapid. An. ordinary stick of 
strong black tobacco and about double its 
weight of common soap will make a kero- 
sine bucketful (four gallons) of very effec- 
tive wash, if boiled together in the usual 
way. Thid kills by contact only, and must 
be thrown upon the insects. Either of 
these washes will kill, but the secret cf suc- 
cess lies in several sprayings being given in 
quick succession. 
The black and red scales of the citrus 
trees will start into active operations. The 
former frequents the midribs of the leaves 
to a great extent when in the flat reddish- 
brown stage, and as a rule their presence is 
indicated by the sooty appearance of the 
foliage or by numerous ants crawling about 
the trea stem. The resin wash or kerosine 
emulsion will kill these young black scales 
very quickly, and the soot will peel off nat. 
urally in time. These black scales and 
the olive green aphides are often respon- 
sible for the curling disfigured leaves found 
upon. the orange trees, and they often ab- 
sorb the nourishment from, the young tips, 
which should go to develop the flowers tor 
the coming season’s crop. ‘The red scale 
is more difficult to destroy, and if 
resin wash be used as a spray better re- 
sults are likely to be obtained at a later 
date, when the insects are more generally 
on the move. No doubt in the course 
of time the fumigation tent and the 
fumes of cyanide or some ~ other 
deadly gas will replace these washes 
in the destroying cf all suctorial insects 
that attach themselves to the trees. It is 
far move thorough in its action, but at pre- 
sent the outlay for tents, &c., debars many 
from adopting these means. 
In wet localities, or should the spring 
prove showery, the apple, pear, and apricot 
fruits will be kept much cleaner from fun- 
gus “scabs” if a second application of Bor- 
deaux mixture be made. The strength 
should be weaker than that used when the 
trees are devoid of leaves. It is also of 
greater importance to use only perfectly 
fresh quicklime at this stage, otherwise the 
leaves will be burnt and the fruits “rust- 
ed.” A strength of 1 lb. of bluestone and 1 
lb. of fresh lime to each 10 gallons of water 
will not do injury to the foliage if these 
precautions are taken. i 
There is great’ promise of a general trial 
being given to the arsenite of soda spray 
for the destruction of codlin moth during 
the coming season. No time should be 
lost in removing and cleansing old bands 
and scraping off rough bark, cutting off 
projections from broken limbs, and other 
winter refuges for injurious insects. The 
fruit store should also continue to receive 
attention in the direction of securing the 
moths before they escape into the open. 
The general lowering of the height of the 
trees, which has been. undertaken, almost 
throughout the State during the past win- 
ter, is a very important step in the direc- 
tion of controlling this pest. With. trees 
of a manageable height, by} means of spray- 
ing, bandaging, and picking infected fruits 
as far as practicable early in the season, 
there is much hope, that, favorable as the 
climate may be to its propagation, this pest 
will cease to be the bugbear which hrs fill- 
ed our apple-growers with apprehension 
for years past. 
THE CODLIN MOTH. 
We have received from the Department 
of Agriculture a pamphlet containing the 
results of experimental spraying for cod- 
lin moth with arsenite of soda, compiled by 
the horticultural instructor, Mr. George 
Quinn, for the season 1902. This is a most 
valuable work for orchardists, and will 
amply repay careful study. The reports 
show conclusively that the moth need not 
now be regarded as an uncontrollable pest, 
provided growers will exercise some dilig- 
ence and care in spraying their trees. The 
statistics go to show that by persistent 
work with the sprayer at least 95 per cent. 
ot fruit can be saved at ai cost that will be 
repaid in actual results of fruit saved. 
We append particulars of the mixture 
and the times of application. 
The solution of Kedzie’s arsenite of soda 
supplied is to be used at the rate of 1 pint 
in 40 gallons of lime water. 
The following method of compounding 
the spray is recommended: ‘Take not less 
than 4 lb.—a little more is desirable on 
account of waste—of lumpy quicklime, 
quite fresh, and newly burnt, and slake it 
slowly by adding small quantities of water 
from time until the lime crumbles to pow- 
der and yields up its heat. Then. thin down 
with clean water and strain out the sedi- 
ment by passing the liquid through a bag 
or other close strainer. ‘he pint of arsenite 
é6i soda shculd then be stirred into this 
strong milk of lime. After a short time the 
lime and argenic mixture may be poured 
into the body of clean water which is re- 
quired to make up the 40 gallons of spray 
wash. 3 
Where it is desirable to combine Bor- 
deaux mixture with this spray the arsenite 
of soda should be prepared in milk of lime 
as outlined above, and then mixed with the 
diluted Bordeaux instead of clean water to 
make up the required volume of spray 
wash, as follows: Suspend 4 lb. of bluestone 
just beneath the surface of 10 gallons of 
water in a wooden tub or barrel overnight, 
and in the morping it will be in solution. 
Slake 4 lb. of fresh lime, thin and strain 
as described above, and then dilute it to 10 
gallons with clean water. Into another lot 
of strong lime water, made by slaking and 
straining 4 lb. of fresh lime, pour | pint of 
the arsenite of soda. The 10 gallons of lime 
water and the 10 gallong of bluestone water 
are now mixed together, and the lime water 
containing the pint of arsenite is poured 
into this in turn. Enough clean water to 
make up the 40 gallons of spray is then 
added. This wash would then contain 
equal to 8 lb. of lime, 4 Ib. of bluestone, 1 
pint of arsenite, and 40 gallons of water. 
Freshly burnt lumpy quicklime is absolu- 
tely essential to avoid burning the foliage 
and fruits, and a little excess of fresh lime 
will do no harm, while a much! larger quan- 
tity of stale lime will not act as a substi- 
tute for the quantities of fresh lime given 
herein. The arsenite of soda, as supplied 
in the tins, will destroy vegetation, and to 
change it into arsenite of lime, which will 
not injure the trees, fresh lime is essential. 
The first spraying should be given as 
soon as the young fruits are formed, and 
the second about nine days later. In these 
two operations the spray should be driven 
into tha calyx cups of each fruit. The third 
spraying should be applied fourteen, days 
later than the second. The fourth should 
follow twenty-one days later, and the fifth 
at a similar interval after the fourth. The 
object of the operator should be to keep 
the fruits coated all over with the spray. 
LIFE HISTORY. 
In early summer, when the young apple 
is just set, the moths, which have passed 
