MISS f60h_ 
that the Hindoos in his day used 20,000 lb. 
weight of Roses to extract attar equalling 
1 rupee in weight, this selling for 100 
rupees. Such a statement would scarcely 
be credible had we not the good bishop's 
word for it. But he may have been mis- 
taken, or was imposed upon. 
A Mr. Jackson states that ‘from 1 lac of 
Roses it is generally calculated that 180 
grains ,. of attar can be produced.” 
‘Others have calculated the yield at some- 
thing under 3 drachms of attar from 100 lb. 
of Rose leaves, and this when the season is 
good and the manufacture carefully per: 
formed. These authorities on the produc- 
tion of the perfume state that 4,366 lb. of 
Roses, after repeated distillation, yield 8 oz. 
of this subtle essence. In India the R. 
Damascena is largely cultivated for the pro- 
duction of this scent. The oil or attar is 
skimmed off after a method adopted in 
Turkey, Rass 
Kezanlyk in Roumolia is the great Euro- 
pean centre of Rose culture for the manu- 
facture of this wonderful perfume, The 
flowers grow in a highly fertile plain, which 
is well watered by the River Tunja. _ 
_ A substance known as English attar has 
been extracted from Roses grown in this 
country. Its scent is very faint compared 
with that which is made abroad, The ex- 
traordinarily high price at which the foreign 
perfume is sold presents a great temptation 
to dishonest traders. It is commonly re- 
ported in India that the attar is adulterated 
by the mixing with the Kose leaves certain 
seeds called Guezely, as well as with those 
of a variety of Digitalis known as the 
Sisama plant. These seeds, which contain 
an essential oil, are lightly pressed for a 
period’ of ten days along with the Rose 
petals, thus absorbing their scent; the pro- 
cess is repeated eight or ten times with fresh 
Rose leaves, after which the seeds are 
pressed hard to extract the oil. By this time 
it has acquired a smell which entitles it to 
be sold for the attar which it is not, The 
‘Chinamen have a similar dodge, 
The genuine attar of Roses, below the 
temperature of 80° F., is of crystalline na- 
ture and solid. When very pnre it is with- 
out color; when the temperature is raised to 
90° its specific gravity is 0-832. The 
chemical structure of the perfume has been 
much discussed, but it seems now to be 
generally agreed that it consists of two 
volatile substances, of which the one is 
‘solid, the other liquid, in the proportion of 
I part of the solid to 2 parts of the liquid. 
The first is a stearopten, the last an eleop- 
ten. The chemist Gobel states that the 
entire ‘oil’? consists of carbon 63°66, 
hydrogen 16 06, ana oxygen 14:28; but 
Saussure contends that it contains nitrogen. 
The exceedingly variable nature of the sub- 
‘Stance which is sold as attar accounts for 
these diversities of opinion, for it is so costly 
that its adulteration is universal. Curiously 
enough, its admixture with other essential 
oils (such as those extracted from Indian 
grass, Andropogon, and Acorus calamus), 
or from sandalwood, or from Rhodium 
(Convolvulus scuparius), renders its adulte- 
ration very difficult of detection. 
the great value of this perfume causes it 
to be caretully conveyed over inland routes 
by Asiatic merchants to Smyrna in Asia 
Minor and to Constantinople. The Sultan 
of Turkey imposes ‘a duty on its importa- 
tion.—* The Gardener.” : ; 
SOME GOOD NEW ROSES FOR POTS. 
Probably old-established kinds, such as 
Catherine Mermet, Bridesmaid, The 
Bride, Perle des Jardins, will not be super- 
seded as forcing Roses in our time, but 
the years 1901 and 1902 have given us 
some particularly good novelties that are 
steadily making their way to the front. 
One of the very best of recent novelties 
is 
Frau Karl Druschki. I should not so 
much recommend it for hard forcing, be- 
lieying it. to, be a variety that will be seen 
at its best in a gentle temperature. One 
of the grandest blossoms we. had last sea- 
son was upon a specimen of this fine Rose. 
For market it will :prove invaluable, 
especially where the American’ style of 
long-stemmed blooms is in request. It 
really seems as though Dean Hole would 
see what he prophesied when he referred 
to “our children’s children. plucking their 
snow-white Marie Baumann—pure’ as sun- 
shine dancing on a white dove’s wings.” 
The form, perhaps, is scarcely so regular as 
in Marie Baumann, but certainly the 
shape of Frau Karl Druschki is very beau- 
tiful. 
Mme. Antoine Mari has been admired 
by all who have seen the Rose. It is 
one of the most distinct varieties we have 
had for many years. The raiser is M. 
Mari, of the Nice Public Park, and from 
such a beautiful district other good kinds 
should be forthcoming. TI believe’ 
Mme. Vermorel is also from the same 
raiser. It is just that fine deep, full 
flower so dear to the heart of the exhibitor, 
and it has the yellowish color of Jean 
Ducher, with.a shading of rose. The 
growth is strong, and we have in this 
variety a first-rate novelty. 
Dr. F. Guyon seems to be a near rela- 
tive, perhaps from the same seed-pod as 
the last-mentioned, but yet sufficiently 
distinct to be worth growing. 
Ben Cant.—The rich, glowing color and 
‘grand. form of this, together with a 
vigorous growth, are all points that go to 
the making of a good pot-Rose. 
Lady Roberts comes of a good stock. 
It is reputedly a sport of Annai Ollivier, 
and all who have grown pot-Roses know 
what a fine kind the latter is under glass. 
It is only recently the sportive habit of 
Anna Ollivier has been noticed, although 
many Rose growers believe Mme. Hoste to 
be one of its first sports. The sturdy 
habit of all three should ensure them a 
place in the most select collection of pot- 
Roses. , 
Mildred Grant is - a magnificent. Rose; 
grand in petal and upright in habit. 
Pauline Bersez and Prince de Bulgarie 
are two fine additions to the Hybrid Teas, 
the one after the style of Mme. Cadeau 
Ramey, only flatter, and the other re- 
sembling Souvenir du President Carnot. 
They both come from a raiser who has 
_. ‘THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. » 9. 
given us some of the best Hybrid Teas im 
cultivation. wie 
Perle Von Godesberg and Duchess off 
_ Portland are of the Kaiserin Augusta Vic 
toria type, the former claiming to be a 
yellow sport, but as seen very httle yellow 
is present; the other evidently a glorified 
Kaiserin, which will perhaps eventually 
take the place of the parent. BS Es 
Boadicea, when grown in healt, is very 
beautiful and highly fragrant. Its oper 
flowers have a tendency to fade, but in the 
bud state there is no more beautiful kind 
than. this one. 
Lady Battersea is perhaps seen. at its 
best in the forcing-house, where its bright 
rosy-crimson color and fine long stems 
carrying exquisite buds are very welcome. 
It is reputedly a cross between Mme. 
Abel Chatenay and Mrs. W. J. Grant, ise 
that should be sufficient guarantee that: 
the Rose is a good one. - te 
Mme. Jean Dupuy I much like: Té is 
a fine sturdy grower, with beautiful bolé 
flowers of a rosy-yellow color. 
Mme. Marie Croibier and William 
Askew are evidently seedlings or sports - £ 
Caroline Testout, and,-as such, welcome 
and distinct additions to a popular group. 
Robert Scott has evidently come to stay- 
It is one of the few good novelties from 
the States, and it has the free-flowering: 
and continuous habit of the true Teas. 
Soleil d’Or is a Rose of remarkable in 
dividuality, capable of great things as a 
pot variety. : ; 
Souvenir de Mme. Chedane Guinoisseam 
should be good, if only to compensate for 
its long name. That it is good I cam 
testify. It is a fine flower of a very bright 
red color. 
Souvenir de Pierre Notting at present 
falls far short of its reputation, but, not- 
withstanding, it is a Rose of great posst- 
bilities. . 
The above are the cream of the noveE-. 
ties of the last two years——Rosa in “Gar 
dening Illustrated.” 
THE CACTUS DAHLIA. 
(BY A SUCCESSFUL RAISER.) — 
Before giving attention to watering and 
feeding, I should like to mention a rather 
important item in the thinning. Wher 
strong young growths push up from the 
lower parts of the plants, always leave 
them, and some very fine flowers will often 
result. Now, when the plants get about 
halfway up the stakes and are beginning to 
throw buds plentifully, should the weather 
be dry they will require copious waterings, 
and at first must have nothing but clear 
water. If thiscan be had from a pond so 
much the better, but if from a well or from 
the main it is greatly improved if it cam 
stand awhile in the sun in tubs. Very soon 
the plants will be drawing heavily on the 
natural resources of the soil, and wilk 
require manure in some form if fine blooms 
are to be matured 
A very good plan is to put sheep manure 
in a bag’and place it in the tub, stirriag til 
a good strong “brew” resultr. This will 
need frequent renewing, for the Dahlia is a 
very greedy customer. Also change the 
diet, giving a dose of soot with other 
