12 THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. August 1, 1904 
wherry, the peach on the willow, or that 
black roses would be the result of grafting 
pink roses on ‘the black currant. Having 
no natural affinity, these plants can never 
form a vital union, however accurately 
they may be mechanically joined. The 
aode of grafting practised by different per- 
sons are numerous, but they all depend 
upon one principle, which should be well 
understood by every one who possesses a 
garden. No matter how skilful the opera- 
tion. of grafting may be performed, the re- 
sults will be unsuccessful unless the stock 
and scion are nearly related, such as varie- 
ties of the same species, species of the same 
genus, or genera of the same natural order, 
beyond which the power dees not extend. 
Much as is pratically known with regard to 
the species and varieties that will agree with 
each other when grafted, there is still much 
to be learned, which can only be acquired 
by long experience and observation. The 
influence of the stock upon the scion is” 
often very marked. This chiefly arises from 
the stock supplying the scion with a 
zreater or less amount of nourishment than 
it would receive from its natural root, and 
consequently producing a more or less 
vigorous growth. Too great a disparity 
Sectween the nature of the scion and the 
stock should be avoided if a steady growth 
be desirable 
that wood does not unite with wood so as to 
form a vital union in any case. After 
trees have been grafted for many years, it 
is found on dissection that between the 
portions of the wood of the stock and scion, 
which were placed together at the time of 
erafting, no union has ever taken place; 
when all the wood subsequently formed is 
xemoved the parts previously joined can be - 
readily separated, exhibiting two clean sur- 
faces, or, occasionally, with a little dead, 
cellular substance interposed. . It is, 
therefore, evident that the pieces of wood 
already formed do not unite, however ac- 
curate they may be joined. 
Whip or tongue grafting is, on the whole, 
the best and easiest mode of grafting, and 
the one most extensively employed for 
young trees in this country. It is represent- 
ed at figure A, where 1 is the stock and 2 
A — Whip or Tongue Grafting. 
%sthescion. It will be readily understood 
that the bark of the stock, because dlder, 
as thicker than that of the scion, conse- 
quently if, as ought to be the case, equal 
surfaces of the wood are exposed, the cut © 
surface of the scion would not completely 
mover that of the stock, nor would this ever 
Rees. eel 
It should be remembered ~ 
be the case, except when the barks of both 
stock and scion are of equal thickness. In 
proceeding to operate, cut the top of the 
stock in a sloping direction, as shown in: the 
figure, terminating, if possible, above a 
bud. Then take the scion and cut it slop- 
ing and thin towards the end; next enter 
the knife and cut a thin tongue upwards, 
as shown in the figure. The scion is now 
prepared. Then proceeding to the stock, 
cut a slice upwards, so that the surface of 
the wood shall be as nearly as possible a 
counterpart of the exposed wood of the 
scion. In the upper part of the cut make 
- a notch! to receive the tongue, of the scion ; 
this notch should be kept open with the 
point of the knife whilst tha tongue of the 
scion is being inserted. The inner bark 
of the scion and stock should be placed in 
~ contact, the parts secured by tying with 
- matting or other material and surrounded 
with clay, grafting wax, or other sub- 
stances, to exclude the air and rain, then 
the operation is complete. 
Cleft grafting is represented in figure B, 
where one is the stock and 2 is the scion. 
This is sometimes called triangular notch- 
srafting. Instead of splitting the stock a 
WAS 
B.—Cleft Grafting. 
triangular notch is cut in the side, and in 
that the scion is fitted, so that the inner 
barks correspond. The scion is kept in 
position by tying matting or other material 
round it and the stock. It is then sur- 
rounded with clay, grafting wax, or other 
substances to exclude the air and rain, and 
the operation is complete. 
One. way of root grafting is represented 
at figure C, where | is the scion, and 2 is 
the root. There are other ways of root 
grafting, the tongue or whip graft being 
largely practised. See figure D, 1, 2, and 
C.—Roct Grafting. 
3, where | represents the root, 2 the scion, 
and 3 the graft complete. The scion’ should 
be tied, clayed, &c., as in those above re- 
ferred to. 
_ Crown or bark grafting is represented at . 
figure E, where 1 is the stock and 2 is the 
scion. This mode of grafting is easily per-- 
formed by any one. The head of the stock 
D—Root Grafting. 
is cut horizontally, 
through the inner bark. The lower end 
of the scion is cut sloping as in whip graft- 
ing. A piece of wood, bone, or ivory, in 
shape somewhat resembling the thin end of 
the scion, is introduced at the top of the- 
slit, between the alburnum and the inner 
bark, and pushed down in order to raise 
the bark, so that the thinned end of the 
scion may be introduced without being 
bruised. The edges of the bark on each 
- side are then brought close to the scion, 
and the whole is‘bound with matting, and. 
clayed. If so desired three or four more 
scions can be put into the head of a stock 
if it isa large one. On the whole, crown 
grafting is not so good as whip or tongue 
grafting, but it answers well for working 
superior varieties on such established trees 
as are not fruiting satisfactorily. Crown. 
grafts are very liable to be blown out if 
care be not taken to cut the growths back, 
and support them in some way whilst they 
are young. : 
*Saddle-grafting is sometimes practised. 
(see Fig. F., where 1 represents the stock 
and 2 the scion). It cannot be satisfac- 
_ F.—£addle 
Grafting, 
E,.—Crown, or Bark, 
Grafting. 
torily carried out, however, unless the stock 
and scion are of nearly equal thickness. The 
stock is cut sloping on both sides lke a 
wedge. The scion is split up the centre, 
and each half is thinned to make it astride 
the wedge-like end of the stock. The inner 
bark of the scion and stock having been 
made to coincide as nearly as possible the 
parts should be secured by a ligature, and 
covered with some grafting’ composition, 
then the operation is complete. 
Notwithstanding that some varieties of 
fruit-trees, especially pears, bear unsatis- 
(a ere as af I hey as | Na OT ERI es ent em er 
and a slit where- 
the scion is to be inserted is made just- 
a ee 
