10 
THE JAPANESE GARDENS AT THE 
WORLD'S FAIR. 
_ [From the ‘Florists’ Exchange.” ] 
Yhe Japanese gardens at the World’s 
Fair are much talked about, and well de- 
serve lt. 
Contrary to the formal gardens which 
Americans admire so much, the Japanese is 
obstinately against them; he goes so far as 
to call the American's idea bad taste. The 
Japanese does not like regularity; even in 
his different structures he deviates from 
straight lines. 
_ When locating their ground, one of the 
first requirements of the Japanese is a 
southern exposure, as the summer breeze 
generally prevails from that direction. 
The Japanese gardens are divided into 
two classes, viz. the hill garden (tsuki- 
yama-niwa) and the flat garden (hiraniwa). 
The hill garden is generally given the pre- 
ference, and no hard work is spared in 
making or moving a hill wkere wanted. 
Either on a large or small scale, the hill 
garden usually consists of the following :— 
Four or five hills are made all of different 
sizee and must look quite natural; the two 
hills nearest the residence must be low, but 
show long slopes; the next two hills are 
higher and steeper but not uniform. The 
meeting of these slopes should form a 
valley, through which you have a view of 
the fifth hill, placed at the farther end of 
the ground; this latter is quite steep and 
higher than any of the rest, in order to give 
it the appearance of a distant pike. 
Certain trees are found as regularly in a 
Japanese garden as though their existence 
there were imposed by law. ‘They consist 
of the following, in order of importance :— 
Shajiu-bokn (the principal tree), usually 
a fine pine. Keyo-bokn (perfection tree), 
always a tree of very fine appearance. 
Sekizen-bokn (tree of solitude), accom- 
panied usually by more trees to make a 
solitary spot. Sekiyo-bokn (sunset tree), 
usually found in the western part of the 
ground, and is intended to shade the garden 
from the setting sun. A red or bronze 
foliage tree is usually preferred for this— 
maple, beech, or plum. Mecosi-natsu (per- 
spective tree), partly concealed and planted 
a distance away to give a fine perspective. 
Nagasaki-natsu (weeping tree), usually 
planted in the foreground, overhanging a 
stream. 
The above-mentioned trees are never 
omitted in a Japanese garden. Besides 
them we find a rich collection of other 
plants, such as Camellia japonica, Aucuba 
japonica, Azalea formosa, A. mollis and A. 
amoona, Pyrus japonica, Wistaria sinensis, 
Tris Kampferi. Among grasses we find 
Arundo donax, Eulalia japonica, Bambusa 
nigri, B. aurea and B. Fortunei. The ever- 
green collection is admirable, consisting 
mostly of dwarfed spscimens; some varie- 
ties are trailing, such as Juniperus chinensis 
procumbens, which is wonderfully well 
adapted for covering rock-work. There are 
also the Japacese red pine (Pinus densi- 
flora), some piceas, and a list too long to 
mention, mostly cultivated in pots of won- 
derful small dimensions. I must not forget 
'to'mention the Japanese maples, which we 
all know by reputation on account of. their 
~ Polygonum Baldschuanicum. 
THE AUSTRALIANZGARDENER, 
brilliant colors, and also some Japanese 
fern balls {Davallia) of all.ehapes imagin- 
able. 
‘Lhey have also a chrysanthemum garden. 
How rich the collection is we do not yet 
know, but I think they are a wonder if they 
can beat us on them. 
Stones are indispensable in a Japanese 
garden. There are many of them, but the 
following ones cannot he omitted :—The 
Worshipping Stone, usually placed at the 
centre of an island, and accessible by 
stepping stones. Dedication Stone is placed 
in the middle of the ground. Moonshadow 
Stone is placed away off on the showing 
slope of the steepest hill. The Seat of 
Honor Stone is usually found under the 
tree of the evening sun. The Guardian 
Stone is generally placed in a most promi- 
nent position. There are numerous named 
stones, in size and number, according to the 
importance of the estate; they are placed 
in harmony with other stones and always 
imitate nature as nearly as possible. 
To complete this garden we find a stone 
lantern, whose light reflects on the water. 
This stone lantern, together with stone 
basins, are found in every Japanese garden. 
The garden includes a small, but very 
attractive log bridge, a plank bridge of pe- 
culiar shape, some stepping stunes across 
the stream, some very fine rockeries, and 
statuary representing birds. 
The buildings on these grounds are also 
very handsome, and it can be said that the 
Japanese gardens rank among the best at 
the St. Louis Fair. Itis to be hoped that 
the city will take pride in keeping them up. 
Japanese gardens existed centuries before 
European gardening. This is due to the 
comparative freedom that country has 
always enjoyed, whereas in Europe the 
lords of feudal times were always fighting 
among themselves, and had to use their 
grounds for entrenchments and_fortifica- 
tions, while the Japanese were enjoying the 
beauties of nature. Therefore, it is justly 
due to Japan that she should be called 
“The Flowery Kingdom.” 
PLANTS FOR PERGOLA. 
The following plants would, be suitable 
for spring: Clematis montana, Wistaria, 
Jasminum nudiflorum, Rose Gloire de Di- 
jon, R. Cheshunt Hybrid, as among the 
earliest of all to bloom; while for summer 
the material is abundant. What, with 
Roses in plenty—Carmine Pillar, Crimson 
Rambler, Alister Stella Grey, W. A. Rich- 
ardson, Mme. Berard, Climbing Perle des 
Jardins, and Leuchstern, all of which are 
very charming and free for the purpose, 
and may be augmented by such Clematis as 
Jackmani, J. superba, J. Mrs. George 
Jackman, &c. For the later lot we would) 
name Clematis Viticella rubra and alba, 
CG. lanuginosa nivea, C. Lord Wolseley, C. 
Fairy Queen, C. Beauty of Worcester, C. 
rubella, C. purpurea elegans, C. Anderson 
Henry, C. Gipsy Queen, &c. To these could 
be- added, such as Tropeolum speciosum, 
Passiflora Constance Elliot, Solanum jas- 
minoides, Vitis Coignetie, Lonicera aureo 
reticulata, Rubus laciniatus, Jasminum of- 
ficinale, Lathyrus, latifolius albus, and 
December 1, 1904 
LIFTING BULBS. = 
If deciding to lift, it is time this was 
done, as some at least will very quickly he 
rooting afresh. Those that are best lifted 
each year are certain Polyanthus Narcissus, 
Tulips, and Anemones . This, however, ex— 
tirely depends upon what they are and the 
class of soil in which they are growiIng- 
Some Anemones are best left alone, other 
kinds are better in certain soils if lifted 
each year. Chionodoxa, Scillas, Winter 
Aconites, Crocus, Snowdrops, if the commor 
kinds, may go on in the same soil for years, 
while Narcissus, Tulips, and Iris require 
in a measure, periodical lifting. All bulbs 
succeed guite well in the usual sandy loams, 
though some kinds are found to do quite: 
well in the more clayey soils. Some Nareis~ 
sus—e.g., poeticus kinds, incomparabilis im 
variety generally, maximus, princeps, and 
Emperor—are quite a success when grown 
in strong or heavy loam, and in particular 
where such soils are well drained, a most 
important item generally. ies 
, . RISES. 
Few appreciate to the fullest extent the 
German Irises. We forget how long 
these brighten our borders with the love- 
liness of their gold and purple blossom 
Charming for early blooming are the Per- 
sian Irises, mingling their petals of white, 
blue, and purple amid their bight greem 
foliage. When we think of summer and 
its flowers it is then that Irises appeal to 
us, some with blossoms quaintly marked 
and blotches, some preferring the sheltex” 
and the sunshine of a warm border, and 
rivalling the Orchids in beauty. Té is 
not, however, merely as border flowers that 
they are interesting. Happy is he who cam 
erow the water or Flag Irises. These are 
the flowers that blossom with Water Lily 
and Forget-Me-Not— 
“ Dwelling by still rivers, 
Or solitary mere, 
Or where the sluggish meadow brook delivers 
Its waters to the weir.” 
There is a charm about the Ins, grown om 
borders or adjacent to lawns, partly in the 
shade, so that their blossoms are gradually 
developed. They continue beautiful with 
a background of foliage, which serves to 
heighten the wealth of their gorgeous tints. 
Let us consider what varieties are best 
for providing us with hosts of flowers for 
vases and epergnes, as well as giving us 
blossoms over the longest period. There 
are the Netted Irises which are fragrant 
and bloom early. Similar in color and 
sweet scented also are the flowers of I. Ba- 
keriana which follow. 1. germanica is the 
commonest of the genus, the Flag Inises, 
erowing where one would least exneet ta 
find them, amid the dust and impure at- 
mosphere, often flourishing most - where 
other plants fail, and giving us blooms 
diversified in color. Where the soil, too, 
is dry the Iberian Tris (1. ibirica) will serve 
well; the flowers are large, flecked, and 
spotted, with standards white, falls veine® 
