62 THE AUSTRALIAN NATURALIST. 
It was pointed out that the fossil fish of the Hawkes- 
bury series embraced representatives of Old Devonian 
forms, and connecting links between Devonian and Car- 
boniferous times and the Mesozoic; and further, that in 
the ‘Port Jackson shark, and the Ceratodus Forsteri of 
Queensland, Australia possesses living links with the car- 
tilagineous and ganoid fishes of the Devonian. 
LIFE HISTORY OF RED GUM MOTH. 
By L. Gallard, Epping. 
Family Cossidae, species (Culama rubiginosa). On 
April 28th, 1914, I bred one of these moths from an imago 
taken from a Red Gum Tree at North Ryde. The parent 
moth is of medium size, measuring from 2 to 214 inches 
across the outspread wings. The colour is bright grey 
with black leopard-like bands across the fore wings. When 
at rest the wings are folded fairly close into the body. The 
antennae of the male are slightly combed, but are only 
about one-sixteenth of an inch wide. 
The larvae are flattened, bright, pinky red in colour, 
and measuring when full-grown from 114 to 2 inches in 
length. When hatched they start eating into the bark 
of the red red gum, and work their way around the tree 
between the outer bark and the sap wood, until it is 
sometimes almost ringbarked: When fairly well develop- 
ed, they often eat a tunnel into the wood, into which they 
can crawl for shelter like the Cryptophagidae (plum tree 
girdlers, etc.); but I do not think they make it with the 
view of feeding on the wood or of pupating in it, as I 
never saw a pupa shell sticking out of one. I have noticed 
a rough webby cell made in the tunnel under the bark, 
and the one I bred made a rough webbed cocoon in the 
bottle she was in. The larvae, when developing, have, on 
account of their flat form, the resemblance of a large 
carab beetle larva. They may be found in clusters of a 
dozen or more in one tree. I saw one tree at Epping 
which must have had at least 50 or 60 of these grubs. 
as they ate all the bark off one side for a distance of 
12 to 15 feet. When feeding, they never eat right out 
through the bark, but leave just the outer skin. This 
hardens, cracks, and falls off in time, and leaves the wood 
