CHARACTERS OF MAN 
characters are put before the reader in the course of 
this book. The only remaining order of existing mammal 
is that of the whales, the Cetacea, of which the common 
porpoise is the only type that has ever been exhibited 
at the Zoological Gardens. We shall therefore omit 
them in the present book. 
§ ORDER PRIMATES: MONKEYS AND MAN 
It is not our business here to enter into psychological 
distinctions between man and the apes. That depart- 
ment of enquiry is not zoology at all. What we are 
concerned with is to show that man and apes are not 
separable into diverse orders among the mammalia, 
although it may be permissible to assign to man a 
special family for his own enjoyment. Even this 
amount of separation might be objected to, and on 
grounds by no means trivial. Let us consider what are 
precisely the differences which mark out man as dis- 
tinct from the highest apes, the orang, gorilla, and 
chimpanzee. Prof. Haeckel has pointed out that four 
characters, and four only, define men. Firstly the 
erect gait, secondly the slight structural modifications 
which have rendered necessary or are rendered neces- 
sary by this upright posture, thirdly the faculty of 
speech; and, lastly, the faculty of reason. With the 
two latter characters we have nothing to do here; 
they are outside the province of the zoologist. As to 
the former, the erect attitude of body is at least ap- 
proached in the anthropoid apes; the gibbon will run 
for some distance upon its legs, and the gorilla shows 
a distinct difference from the chimpanzee, otherwise 
so nearly akin, by certain modifications connected 
with its less aboreal life. No ape, however, perpetually 
walks upon its hind limbs only ; it is to man alone that 
nature ‘ os sublime dedit vultusque attollere ad astra.” 
ime) 
