SUBDIVISION OF UNGULATES 
thick skin of many of them led to the old name of 
Pachydermata for this group, which, however, then 
embraced some other forms. In short, if an animal is 
large, if its hair be coarse and not dense, if it walk upon 
its toes and not on the flat of the foot, if its grinding 
teeth be flattened on the grinding surface, if its canines 
are absent or insignificant, and if it possess horns, it is 
certain to be an Ungulate. The Ungulates are a large 
group, large in numbers, that is to say, as well as in size 
of individuals. They are found all over the world, 
with only the exceptions of Australia and some of the 
adjacent islands, and New Zealand. Tropical Africa 
may perhaps be regarded as their headquarters, for 
here abound antelopes of many species (but not a single 
deer), oxen, rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus, many 
pigs, and the hyraxes. Zebras are found here, and 
here only, and the hippopotamus is nowadays restricted 
to that continent. Next in variety of kinds come certain 
parts of Asia, where tapirs, elephants, rhinoceroses, deer, 
oxen, and antelopes are met with. 
The several names used imply a possibility of a sub- 
division of the Ungulata into smaller groups ; and this 
can be done by easily recognizable, and even quite 
external, characters. To these external characters 
correspond certain marked differences in the structure 
of the bones, of the muscles, and of the various organs 
of the body, particularly the brain, stomach, and some 
other parts of the alimentary tract. We may in the 
first place cut off from the main Ungulate body the 
hyrax and the elephant, each of which types forms a 
very distinct group of its own. The hyrax contrasts 
with all other existing Ungulates by the following 
assemblage of characters. It is of small size, with a 
short tail and rather dense fur. It is plantigrade, i.e. 
it walks upon the soles of the feet ; the hoofs are not so 
markedly hoofs as in the horses and oxen, etc., but more 
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