36 BRACTS. 
Rosemary and Willow, the edges of the leaf are rolled 
back, revolute (b.); in the Violet and Apple, the 
margins are rolled inwards, or the reverse of the former: 
this mode is termed involute (c.); in the Vine and 
Maple, the leaf is folded lengthways into plaits; the 
plicate vernation (d.); in the Lilac, the leaves cover or 
lap over each other, so that an outer leaf overlaps the 
edges of two inner ones: this is called imbricate (e.); 
in the Sundews and Ferns, the apex of the leaf is 
rolled inwards and downwards towards the petiole in 
the form of a ecrosier: the circinnate vernation (f.). 
When two conduplicate leaves infold each other, this is 
termed the obvolute vernation (g.). 
41. Of the Bract, or Bractea, or shortened leaf, 
mention has been made at par. 15; the following are 
some modifications of the same. In the Jonquill and 
Narcissus, the bract is seen resembling a small withered 
leaf, just below the flower; and in the Arum, or Cuckoo- 
pint, or Wake Robin (pl. 6. f. 4.), and Arum Lily of 
green houses, it is the large leafy part which encloses 
the flower or red berries: this part is white in the Arum 
Lily. When a bract thus encloses a number of flowers, 
it is called a spathe. ‘The green leafy organ placed 
immediately below the flowers of the Lime Tree (pl. 6. 
f. 4. b.) is also a bractea. In the Mallow, or Hollyhock, 
the bracts are the little green leafy parts, situated 
immediately below the calyx, or flower-cup, and as 
they are three, four, or five in number to each flower, 
they are then called an inmvolucre. Bracts like these 
are found in the Daisy, and Sunflower, and other plants 
resembling them; they are very numerous, and form 
