qualifications desired. Certain varieties must be sometimes 
on one and sometimes on another of the various root stocks, 
to adjust themselves to climates, soils, dampness, dryness, 
height, size, etc. 
By the intelligent use of the selected rootstocks now in 
circulation, trees can be produced to meet various require- 
ments of the individual grower. 
How Malling stocks came about is generally well 
known. Prior to 1927, Dr. Wellington and his successor, 
Dr. R. G. Hatton, at the East Malling Research Station, 
Kent, England, perfected the clonal root stocks, by separa- 
ting the various stock, identified and classified the root- 
stocks and designated them by numbers and making an- 
nual distributions to the trade and educational institutions. 
The number has no reference whatever to performance 
or desirability, but merely indicates the distinct type of 
rootstock described by the Research Station to avoid the 
mixture of two or more stocks. An accepted system of 
numbering has the advantages of meaning the same to 
the raisers throughout the world. The vast majority of 
the vegetatively propagated rootstocks in use today are 
designated by their Malling Stocks Nos. I - II - IV - VII 
and IX which are now chiefly used for dwarfing apples. 
As a given rootstock controls different varieties in 
different degrees — soil and other environmental condi- 
tions often control the growth and fruiting more than the 
rootstock. Malling IX for instance, does not dwarf all 
varieties to the same extent. Many fruit varieties perform 
differently on various clonal rootstocks. 
Malling No. IX is the dwarfest stock. It is well suited 
for the home garden where ground space is limited. The 
ultimate size of this tree is 6 to 9 feet, depending upon 
the variety grafted. 
Malling Nos. I - II - IV - VII are Semi-Dwarfing 
stock. These have proven valuable and favored for the 
commercial orchards, home gardens and farms. 
Malling Nos. X to XVI are used for Standard size 
trees. 
Other varieties of fruit are grafted onto their proper 
rootstocks also, thus making them dwarf in habit. Pears 
are propagated exclusively on Anger Quince which dwarfs 
most successfully although we must double graft certain 
varieties since the Anger Quince does not take all varieties. 
Peaches and Nectarines are grafted on Almond; Plums 
and Apricots on St. Julien Plum; etc. 
