108 
John Beames —Grammar of Chand JBardai. 
[No. 2, 
The pronoun as the oldest and most characteristic part of the language 
may be taken first. The forms observable approach very closely to those in 
use in all the Hindi poets down to a late date, the pronoun being peculiarly 
tenacious of its ancient forms. 
Both in the noun and pronoun, the synthetical process has been to a 
great extent rejected, while the analytical is as yet in an imperfect state of 
development. Thus, three states or forms of the singular, and three of the 
plural, may be detected in the pronoun : first, the direct or simple form, 
used for the nominative : second, the oblique, used for all cases, sometimes, 
with the addition of post-positions as *3T, iRf, etc., but more often 
without any distinguishing mark : thirdly, a special form for the genitive. 
The pronouns of the first, second, and third persons are exactly parallel, 
the first being modifications of a theme mo, the second of to, and the third 
of td {yd and va). 
It will perhaps be useful in a little known author like Chand to give 
rather copious illustrations of each form first, and then to tabulate the 
results at the end. 
The commonest form for the nominative of the first person is . This 
is derived from the Skr. by rejection of the ^ and resolution of the final 
m into its compound elements, as in ttr (see 2ny Comp. Gram., Yol. 
I, p. 254). One example may suffice for this very frequent form. 
m % % ii 
Then I quit the body {i. e., kill myself) I. 157. 2. # 
Differing only by the omission of one of the top strokes and therefore to 
be regarded more as a variation in writing than as a separate form is as 
Yf Wl % ^T?T II 
I am (constantly) hearing all that, 0 mother. I. 1G0. 4. 
Yt tor tr ii 
I knowing science tell this to thee. III. 27. 50. 
The form If often written tr and so hardly to be distinguished from the 
post-position ‘ in,’ occurs in a few passages, as 
kl 
crf^T ?? rfxq || 
I heard the Shah had deprived (him) of eyes. 
Abandoning food I practised austerities and penance. LXY. 110 ; 17-18 
In these lines, and wherever else it occurs, is used before the past 
tense of an active verb, showing that it was still regarded as an instrumental, 
as it is by origin from the instr. of Sanskr. trt., Prak. tr and tit;. Chand 
I believe wrote simply ti, as in Marathi Tft; the anunasika is a modern 
* Tlie Roman numeral indicates the Book of Cliand’s poem, the first Arabic 
numeral, the canto or poem (Kavitt), the second the line. The numbering follows my 
list in J. A. S B., Yol. xli, p. 204. 
