1873.] 
John Beames —Grammar of Cliand Bar dal. 
179 
Not together harmony or union, 
Brahmin was to .Brahmins cruel. 
•JT^f is still used in Panjabi for “ with,” vtk is still Marwari *r;t ‘ wick¬ 
ed, cruel,” mod. Hindi Now in this passage may either be “ was,” 
or we may render it “ from,” as “ Brahmin from Brahmins (was) averse, 
or cruel.” The meaning would more strictly be ‘ towards,’ but in the mod. 
language ^ would be quite admissible. On the whole, though, I am in 
favour of regarding it as a verb in this passage e 
In those places where it is clearly a postposition, it may still be derived 
from the root ^T, and be analogous to the Bengali C^l^CS, ‘ from,’ Marathi 
2 f«T, and comes from the Prakrit ablative plural ^fiT. 
The plural is formed by ^f^r, the final X of which is frequently omit¬ 
ted, and the plural itself is often represented by the singular form. The 
practice of confounding the two numbers is as old as Chand, and probably, 
for all we know, older. Plural verbs are used with singular nouns, and 
feminine verbs with masculine nouns and vice versa, as in the line 
rm n 
Then all the women were assembled together. I. 178. 1. 
Where is plural in sense, though singular in form, while the verb 
is singular. 
mfcT 11 
All the wives said. ib. 
Here again ^TTf?T is fern. pi. and the verb masc. sing., which arises from 
the instrumental construction. 
m&n f^T ii 
The bride made lamentation. I. 171. 2, 
III. 
The verb is modern in form, exhibiting the birth of the analytical sys¬ 
tem, as yet weak and uncertain, but already indicating the direction of its 
future development. 
The number of forms in use is few, and Chand seems to regard verbs 
as a superfluity in many instances, omitting them at will, and often substi¬ 
tuting for all forms of the verb what I may call the verbal crude form, pro¬ 
duced by adding a short i to the root. Though this form is strictly speak¬ 
ing that of the conjunctive participle “ having done,” and the like, yet there 
are countless passages in Chand where it will not bear this meaning, but is 
a present, past, or future, as the context may require. For instance in 
*7T«T? faSr II ^ *ITW ^TTT II 
^tji ^'ji ^ ii wftr ^tt h I. 309 . 
C\ 
