180 
John Beames —Grammar of Chand Bardai. 
[No. 2, 
Anal having come met (his) mother, having told and recited the 
whole affair, 
People and merchants having taken with (him), having gone colo¬ 
nized the land. 
All the forms in i as are trne conjunctive parti- 
ciples, and the only finite verb in sense is and even that is a partici¬ 
ple in form agreeing with the fern, noun Vff$r and postulating the instrumen- 
tal form of the agent. In modern Hindi we should have «T 
• • 
On the other hand, however, we find the form in short \ requiring a finite 
sense in the following : 
V®X fife W^X II 
Bisal the king arrays the umbrella over his head. I. 166. 1. 
If we translate “ having arrayed,” the sentence will be incomplete 
as there is no finite verb following. The explanation of this use of the X 
form is probably that it is a shortening of the ^ of the 3 pers., and in this 
place it would stand for The simple indef. present is the same in all 
the modern Aryan languages, and in Chand presents no peculiarities. 
Plural. 
Singular. 
1. 
2. effT 
tfix 
ss. 
3KT 
*\. 
3. ^X 
It is unnecessary to quote examples for the regular verb ; the irregular 
verbs (to use a rather unscientific term) will be noticed presently. 
Por the simple past the forms are participial and the same for all three 
persons on account of the implied or expressed instrumental construction. 
Singular. Plural. 
1. 2. 3. 
( masc. 
\ fern. 
In the masc. sing, the final ^JT is sometimes separated by a short a from 
the root, according to no rule apparently ; for in I. 170. 12 we find frjNf 
^X •Tiffin' II ‘ there a lion destroyed the bridegroom,’ while in the very 
next line it is written f^eTTW. As variants of the form in constant¬ 
ly occur those in where the has been softened to the palatal 
vowel and the vowel T hardened to its semivowel. Thus 
II 
Looking looking down wandered the cow. I. 79. 9. 
In the same passage occur quoted above, and ‘ she heard’ 
(root Instances of the shorter form are 
fqrfr rri^ ii 
'j 
Again Alha spoke in wrath. XXI. 109. 47. 
Also and many others. The form in ^ is common in 
Tulsi Das. 
