1873.] 
183 
John Beanies —Grammar of Chand Bar did. 
207. I see nothing in the extracts given by Trumpp in that article to 
justify his assertion that the language of the Granth is not Hindi, but old 
Gurmukhi. It is a mistake, though common among Sikhs themselves, to 
apply the term Gurmukhi to the dialect of the Panjab, instead of the variety 
of Devanagari in which it is written, sed licec obiter.) 
fare w ii 
Having subdued the rulers of the land with fire and sword. 
I. 206. 26. 
This is of course often also written with e, as whence we get 
another of Chand’s confusions, as this form is also used for the respectful 
imperative, as in 
Tv? «T£ 7EJT»T ^ II 
This destroyed science do not listen to. I. 173. 9. 
One of the principal difficulties in (hand lies in his construction ; an 
abrupt and elliptical style is imposed on him by his rules, and he makes it 
worse by trying to say too much at once. So that we have often to expand 
four of his words into twelve English, and his transitions are so rapid from 
one fact to another, that we are often landed quite in the middle of a fresh 
set of events before we are well quit of the old ones. 
The custom of constructing the past tense of transitive verbs with the 
instrumental of the agent with the post-position though identical in 
character with the Sanskrit construction, as in ?r«T is yet 
apparently in its present shape at least of modern origin. It is an obscure 
question what this '^r really is. That it is not derived from the y«T of the 
Sanskr. is pretty clear, w the older form, sometimes written *rTST, is a dative, 
and is, I believe, connected with the same root as the Marathi ^rrJt, Naipali 
and old Bengali ^nfa, whence also Marathi ^:T, the ordinary sign of the 
dative. It is difficult to decide exactly what Chand’s usage is in this 
respect. While in some cases the agent is in an oblique form, in others it 
is in the direct or nominative. 
The modern Aryan languages know of three constructions or prayoyas. 
1. The Karta , or subjective, in which the verb agrees with its subject. 2. 
The Karma , or objective, in which it agrees with its object. 3. The Bltava, 
impersonal, in which it agrees with neither. They may be thus illustrated 
in Latin. 
Karta—ille urbem condidit. 
Karma—ab illo urbs condita. 
Bhava—ab illo urbi condition. 
These three constructions are seen in their full force in that most 
complicated of all the languages, Marathi, witli its irritating three genders 
and old-world rubbish of that sort. Hindi is more enlightened and simpler. 
