187 
John Beames —Grammar of OJiand Barden. 
■^^TT) makes its pp. ^h?t, i. e. (See Trumpp’s Sindhi Gr. p. 272, and 
my Comp. Gram. p. 138.) 
I have also noted an instance in which the under the influence of the 
adjacent palatal vowel changes into (^)— 
'5TT^ II 
^T^TT II 
Carts and boats he went and stopped. 
Ala and Udil he allowed not to alight. XXI. 8G. 1-2. 
In Modern Hindi, ^ PfRT and ?rf% f^TT. 
Leaving for the present the further discussion of these verbs whose 
real nature seems not to have hitherto been clearly understood, I now 
proceed to draw out the manifold variations of the verb ‘ to he,’ whether 
derived from the root or from vr or (if it he so at all, which I much 
->■ C\ v J 
doubt in Hindi) from ^JT. 
Illustrations from Chand serve not only for his works, but in many 
cases also for old Hindi literature in general. Tulsi Das, Sur Das, Kesab 
Das, Kabir, aud others are all writers in virtually the same idiom, though 
Chand is older and more obscure than most of them, and lias occasionally 
forms which have dropped out of use since his time. It will strike the 
reader, however, that Chand uses the same word in different stages of 
development according as it suits his purpose. In the case for instance of 
fTcZ}, we have every stage from the pure Sanskrit down to the modem 
vernacular. In such cases it is generally the modern and later forms which 
agree with those in use in the general run of Hindi poets. Tulsi Das, 
though, from his extensive popularity, he is usually taken as the typical poet 
of mediaeval Hindi, is not so really from a linguistic point of view. His 
language is very rustic, and seems, as Dr. Hoernle has remarked, to contain 
words and forms taken from all the provinces of Hindustan. Sur Das is 
much purer and more typical. The forms given below are not then all 
peculiar to Chand, hut many of them he shares with his successors. 
The preterite, which for convenience sake I take first, as in a narrative 
poem like this, it naturally occurs oftener than the other tenses, has three 
forms. 
1st form Sing. m. VRT, PI. M. VR 
f. [«T 1 
^ ^ 
is very common, as in VRT rTR crRn u 
Wroth was then the king. I. 48. 2G. 
Thus was the wonderful Bislii. ib. 
VRT II 
Anangpal became king. III. 17. 4. 
