from a Dsam Ling GyesJie .” 
19 
1887 .] 
bean converted into a Gelugpa institution. In the termination of lower 
Phudo (district), in the upper U division, is situated the Digung tsha? 
monastery founded by Digung Chhoije Kyobpa Rinpochhe, with the 
sub-monasteries of Rigang and a Jong called Digung Jongsar. Here 
ruled the successive incarnations of G-yalwa Digung and his spiritual 
sons,over an immensely large number of monks and Buddhists. 
North of U and Tsang lies the extensive hilly country of Dokyul 
(shepherd land) divided into several parts, such as Nag-tshang, Namru, 
Nagchhu, Yangpa chan-de, Chyang rig de, and four De of yak herds 
inhabited by numerous tribes of pastoral people called Hor-de. The 
name Hor evidently is a corruption of the Chinese word Hwu-hoi, mean¬ 
ing northern, and which also means a cover or tent. In this vast Dokpa 
country lies one of the four great lakes of Tibet called Nam-tsho 
chhyugmo (Tengrinor), and the lofty snowy range called Nan-chhen 
thang la kangri, considered as the wonderland of Buddhist pilgrimage. 
If you go southwards (down) from the confluence of the great 
Tsangpo and IJ-Chhu (Kyi-chhu), you will arrive at Gongkar Jong, a 
large fortress with a prison, in the neighbourhood of which lies Gongkar 
Chhoide (a large monastery \ the seat of Gongkar Dorje-danpa of the 
Sakyapa school, with some hamlets around it. In the uplands of Gong¬ 
kar are Dechhen Chhoikhor (a large Dukpa monastery), and several 
smaller monasteries and convents. If you go a short distance northward 
from this place, you arrive at the Sakyapa monastery of Kyisho-rawa 
ma, in the vicinity of which there are a few hamlets. Travelling north 
from U-Chhu for about half a day, you arrive at the great Tantrik monas¬ 
tery of Dorjetag, which contains the incarnation of Padma Thinle and 
about 400 ordained monks. Hence following the Tsangpo (which flows 
near it) south-eastward, you arrive at some of the Gelugpa monasteries, 
such as Do?-sung rab ling, &c., in the neighbourhood of which there are 
several villages with some trade. To the south of these lies the monas¬ 
tery of Chyampa ling with a lofty chhorten containing 108 temples and 
resembling Pa?khor Chhoi de Chhoikhor of Gyan-tse. Not far from 
these lies the great Ningma monastery of Mindolling with a large 
religious establishment. 
Travelling eastward of Dorjetag (mentioned above), after a full 
day’s journey across a sandy plain, you arrive at the most ancient 
monastery of ssan-yang migyur Lhundubt Sugla Khang, ordinarily called 
Samye. It contains four upper compartments called Iitse ling shi and 
eight smaller compartments called Ling then-gye. It was built by King 
Thisrong deu tsan under the direction of Padma-Sambhava after the 
model of the great monastery of Otontapuri of Magadha in the first part 
of the eighth century A. D. A description of its contents is given at 
