126 
J. Hinton Knowles— Kashmiri Biddles. 
a word. If it occurs at the 
commencement of a word 
it is most distinctly and 
invariably turned into ph. 
G g pronounced as g in go. The 
Arabic letter ghain (gh) 
with its peculiar guttural 
sound is seldom heard in 
pure Kashmiri. 
H h pronounced as h in 7*ouse. 
I i is a kind of half i. I hear that 
there is something analo¬ 
gous to this to be found in 
Russian and is written in 
that language as j. 
r i pi’onounced as i in police. 
J j pronounced as j in ;ust. 
K k pronounced as h in Settle. 
Kh kh pronounced as ch in the 
Scotch and Irish loc7i or the 
final ch of the German 
schac7i and buc7i. This kh 
(khe) is generally ignored 
by the true Kashmiri. 
L 1 pronounced as l in 7ane. 
M m pronounced as m in man. 
N n pronounced as n in noon. 
[No. 3, 
N n pronounced as n in the French 
saws, bon. 
0 o pronounced as o in no. 
P p pronounced as p in paint. 
Ph ph pronounced similar to ph in 
phlegm. 
R r pronounced as r in ran. A 
Scotchman’s r is perhaps 
not met with in pure Kash¬ 
miri. 
S s pronounced as s in sin. 
Sh sh pronounced as six in shine. 
T t pronounced as t in fake—the 
point of the tongue is press¬ 
ed on the upper fore-teeth. 
T t pronounced as t in fub—the 
point of the tongue is press¬ 
ed back on the palate. 
Ts ts pronounced as ts in gets. 
U u pronounced as o in top. 
IT u pronounced as u in rule. 
V |v w both pronounced like 
W ) something between the Eng 
lisli v and w. 
Y y pronounced as y in year. 
Z z pronounced as z in zeal. 
Chh, gh, kh, ph, th, th, and tsh are respectively the aspirates of 
ch, g, k, p, t, t, and ts, and are pronounced as one letter. 
In addition to the above there is a sound which is somethi ng like 
a very short i ; it is frequently the sign of the instrumental case. In 
the Roman character this sound will be represented by the simple letter 
i ; and in order that this i may always appear the final he (ha, e mukh- 
tafi) has always been written. 
1, Akhd chhtim wudahnani; 
Yad lcadil Yumrdzani. 
Wustdd Jehutus wnlahintnu , 
Bur hard karanas chhPni. 
I have a bare-headed woman, 
With a (lit. putting out her) stomach like Riij/i Yam. 
