THE GLASS INDUSTRY. - 
possible and variation reduced to a minimum, e.g., temperature for 
cessation of stirring: Light flint glass, 925°C.; medium flint, 950°C.; 
light crown, 1,150°C. 
The microscopical and X-ray examination of glass and small pots 
have been initiated, and the electrically-heated experimental furnace has 
been introduced, as the temperature can be more readily controlled. 
Even some of the injurious gases used in the war have been turned to 
industrial use, e.g., chlorine, perfectly dry, is delivered into the heated 
pots during the burning stage. It combines with the iron, which is thus 
converted to a compound that volatilizes. About 74 lbs. of chlorine 
from the cylinder of the liquefied gas is used, at a cost of about 6s. per 
pot. Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) is also used in the Geophysical 
Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for bleaching the. sand, for 
optical lenses and eye-glasses. It also combines with the iron present 
as impurities. 
All these investigations show the remarkable and rapid advances 
that have been made since the beginning of the war. But what is the 
stability of the industry from a commercial point of view? 
Many of the British developments have been at the expense of some 
other branch of the industry. The alterations and extensions have 
frequently been hurried, and not co-ordinated. The best was made of 
all sorts of factories, and the work was done. ‘These factories cannot 
now be expected to compete on equal terms with German and Austrian, 
which have not suffered in any way like those of France and Belgium. 
An example of this is the deliberate destruction of the great mirror 
factories at St. Gobain. This is stated to have been most systematically 
destroyed by dynamite. Moreover, the Germans and Austrians are 
perfectly organized for this work, well equipped, and have a large ex- 
perience behind them. 
In the matter of research in all branches of the glassware industry 
there are great hopes for the future, as so many associations are now 
showing active sympathy and support of such scientific investigation. 
The first work was initiated by the Institute of Chemistry, and this 
was later supported and encouraged by the Munitions Department, 
which now has an Optical Munitions and Glassware Supply Branch. 
Many glasses of foreign origin were carefully examined, and very many 
experimental batches were made, and finally a number of formulz cover- 
ing most of the desired kinds of glass were supplied by the Institute to. 
manufacturers, each of whom, as a rule, was concentrating on one or 
two kinds of glass only. In.1915 the University of Sheffield founded a 
department of glass technology, in charge of Dr. W. E. S. Turner. This 
department was managed by a committee, consisting of members of the 
University, certain glass manufacturers, and labour representatives. Two 
Yorkshire Manufacturers’ Associations—Glass Bottle and Flint Glass 
—each contributed £1,000 towards building a small model glass factory. 
Next the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which con- 
trols £1,000,000, set aside by the Government to be devoted to encourag- 
ing scientific research throughout the British Empire, granted £1,500 
towards the equipment of the new department and also agreed to con- 
tribute £1,200 a year for five years. The glassware branch of the 
Munitions Department then granted £3,000 so that the plant could be 
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