REVIEWS. 
wit) REVIEWS. O35 
% 
Inbreeding and Outbreeding—By HW. M. East, Ph.D., and D. F. Jones, Se.D. 
(P. 285, with 46 illustrations.) J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and 
London. Interest in the effects of inbreeding and of outbreeding is not confined . 
to the biologist, and this, the latest addition. to the excellent series of mono- 
graphs on experimental biology published by American biologists will, therefore; 
be assured a good reception. As the authors, in an introductory chapter point 
‘out, these are old problems intimately bound up with human progress, and the . 
passing of time has not diminished the value to be attached to their solution. 
Three questions are proposed which show the sociological bearing of the problems 
—(1) Do marriages between near relatives, wholly by reason of their con- 
sanguinity, regardless of the inheritance received, affect the offspring adversely? 
(2) Are consanguineous marriages harmful through the operation of the laws 
of heredity? and (3) Are hereditary differences to the human race transmitted 
in such a manner as to make matings between markedly different people desir- 
able or undesirable, either from the stand-point of the civic worth of the 
individual or of the stamina of the population as a whole? No attempt has been 
made towards a detailed application of the conclusions arrived at to sociology, 
agriculture, nor evolutionary theory, but “it is hoped that the suggestions along 
these various lines are sufficient to show how such application can be made; but 
human direction of evolution, either in man or in the lower organisms, is beset 
with difficulties so numerous and so prodigous that each problem must have 
its individual solution.” The subjects dealt with are “ Reproduction among 
animals and plants; the mechanism of reproduction; the mechanism of heredity; 
mathematical considerations of inbreeding; inbreeding experiments with animals 
and plants; hybrid vigor or heterosis; conceptions as to the cause of hybrid 
vigor; sterility and its relation to inbreeding and crossbreeding; the rédle of 
inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution; the value of inbreeding and out- 
breeding in plant and animal improvement; inbreeding and outbreeding in man, 
and their effect on the individual; the intermingling of races and national 
stamina literature. i 
The Organization of Industrial Scientific Research—By C. E. K. Mees, D.Sc. 
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1920. (Pp. vii + 175.) The author of 
this book is Dr. Kenneth Mees, the well-known Director of the extensive research 
laboratories of the Hastman Kodak Co. at Rochester, New York, and the writer 
of many articles and brochures on different aspects of the application of science 
to industry. The object of the book is to afford information regarding various 
types of laboratories, their organization, construction, equipment, and control 
to persons engaged in industry who contemplate the establishment or develop- 
ment of industrial research laboratories. The author points out that hitherto 
discussions on the development of research in science which’ may be applied 
to industrial evils has been concerned chiefly with an exposition of the advan- 
tages to industry of participation in scientific research, and of fhe importance, 
national and economic, of an increase in the volume of research work of all 
kinds. But, together with propaganda in favour of research, there is necessary 
a study of the best methods of organizing research work for industrial purposes, 
and of the conditions under which such work should be conducted. The book is 
designed as a contribution to this latter question. a ; 
Dr. Mees strongly insists on the importance of research work on, pure theory 
in connexion with industrial development, a point which is too often overlooked, 
not only by those responsible for the establishment of national research 
institutes, but also by those who control industrial laboratories. He rightly 
points out that the immediate success of the application of scientific methods to 
industrial processes has often led the executive of commercial enterprises into 
the belief that such work along directly practical lines is capable of indefinite 
extension. In this belief a number of laboratories have heen started, some of 
which, at any rate, have been sources of disappointment in consequence of a 
failure to grasp the fact that if the whole future of an industry is dependent 
on the work of the research laboratory, then what is required is not merely an 
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