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SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY. 
close proximity to water, in the Sierra Mountains. © Year after year 
they return to the same localities and collect under leaves and pine 
needles on parts of plants, on the ground or on stones, and in the winter 
often lie buried beneath several feet of snow. «The successful location 
of the hibernation places is one of the achievements of scientists, and two 
men working together will often collect 50 to 100 lbs. weight of beetles 
in a day. These are kept in the Insectary in cold storage, and when 
sufficient are collected they are distributed as required. Storage at 
temperatures ranging from 31° F. to 43° F. for periods of eight or ten 
weeks is not very harmful. - — .. 
When liberated in the field the numbers quickly increase owing to 
the great fecundity. A single female may lay as many as 7 0 eggs in a 
day, and adult emergence varies from 15 to 30 days according to the 
temperature. The larve as well as the fully developed insects are 
very active predators, and are .important factors in controlling the 
aphids. There is consequently a continual increase of aphid destroyers. 
Lhe results obtained with this ladybird are a striking testimony to the — 
value of science as applied to agriculture. We have many examples of 
native ladybirds that are keeping a natural control over various plant 
lice. They could be made more effective by the application of such 
methods of propagation and distribution. ; 
For the second example we go to the New England States, especially 
Massachusetts, where the work is Forest Entomology. The Gipsy Moth 
(Porthetria dispar Linn.) and the Brown-tail Moth (Huproctis chrysorr- 
hoa Linn.) are two European insects whose larve are very destructive 
to a great variety of plants—forest shade and orchard trees. Conifers 
in each case are immune. The Gipsy Moth reached United States of 
America about 1869, and is now found in all the New England States, 
The male is an active flier, but the body of the female is of such a weight 
that flight is prevented. (See illustration.) Immediately after 
hatching, the caterpillars can be blown bythe wind for yary- 
‘ing distances even up to 20 miles. In 1889 it was confined to an 
area of 13 miles by $ a mile, and its extermination was recommended 
by the leading entomologists. The warnings were disregarded and the 
money was not provided. Now over a million dollars are spent annually 
in trying to keep it in check and with no-end in sight. The Brown-tail 
Moth was probably introduced from Holland about 1893. Both sexes 
are strong fliers, and they are active at night in July. As local para- 
sites had not been in much evidence as a check after many years, it~ 
was decided in 1905 to attempt a great effort to overcome the pests. 
In Europe the Gipsy moth was not such a pest, being kept in control 
by 27 known Hymenopterous parasites and 25 Dipterous parasites, 
whereas in United States of America only five Hymenoptera and six 
Diptera were known as local parasites. Entomologists were sent to 
Europe (England, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and 
Russia), and hundreds of thousands of the nests of the Brown-tail and 
innumerable quantities of the caterpillars and chrysalids of both 
moths were sent to a forest laboratory near Boston, and the insects were 
reared in special boxes in insect closed rooms with double doors. The 
nature of the parasites was carefully determined, and any favorable 
species were allowed to breed in large outside cages. As soon as 
aeortas : 550 
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