NECESSITY FOR RESEARCH IN OIL-SHALE INDUSTRY. 
further consideration even if ammonia recovery is not desired. The 
spent shale coming from the Scotch retorts is very hot (perhaps 1500 
degrees F.) and if not steamed would be discharged in that condition 
and contain from 6 to 10 per cent. of fixed carbon the fuel value of 
which would be wasted. The use of steam, as described, cools the shale, 
while heating the steam, thus carrying heat back into the retort; in- 
Scrubber 
Naphtha 
Treated & Dist 
1 
Ammonium Motor Distilled 
Sulphate Spirit 
Crude 
Crude 
Naphtha 
' 
Treated & Dist. 
Cleaners’ 
i} 
Treated & Dist, 
Solvent 
Spirit Naphtha 
Distillate 
1 
Treated & Dist 
Heavy Oil 
Containing 
Solid Paraffine 
1 
Cooled, Filtered 
& Pressed 
Signal L. House Crude Blue Oil 
ron ‘on Oi Solid Par. 
Treated & Dist. 
Gas Oil Cleaning Batching Lub. Oi} 
& Solid Oi & Solid Oil & Solid & Solid 
Par. Par. Par, Par. 
! | Z | 
Cooled, Filtered Cooled, Filtered Cooled, Filtered 
& Pressed & Pressed & Pressed 
Residuum 
oi) 
Cooled, Filtered 
& Pressed 
Gas Solid Fuel Solid Cleaning Solid Batching Solid Lub. Oil Solid 
Ol Par. Oi Par, OuUnfd. Par Oil Unfd. Par. Unf. Par 
\ | [oe 
Treated Treated 
. 
RS | | 
\ Cleanin Lub. 
” oil iN 1 vt Oil 
x 
‘ 
EAS 
NEC 
~~ 
> Paraffine 
! 
Converted into 
Parafline Wax 
Unlinished 
1 
Refined 
1 
Paraffine Wax 
Refined 
oil 
Residue 
FLOW SHEET OF SCOTCH REFINERY OPERATIONS. 
. 
addition, the steam and fixed carbon in the shale react, producing a gas 
of good fuel value, since it is composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon 
monoxide, thus utilizing much of the fuel value of the fixed carbon in 
the spent shale. As the carbon is burned out, ammonia is produced, 
and the excess steam and other gases protect the ammonia from decom- 
position at the high retort temperatures, and sweep it at once into the 
cooler zone. Oil production in the upper part of the retort goes on 
751 
