All the above species agree in their twining habit, milky juice, strong odour when bruised, flower-stalks 
inserted opposite the petioles or above them, the structure of the styles, stigmata, stamens, and in the pecu- 
liar ramification of the young leaf-bearing branches, which often resemble compound leaves. There are, 
however, other species of the genus which unite the above characters more or less, or present such modifi- 
cations of them that it is impossible to separate them generically ; of these several are erect plants, and two 
of them tropical, the O. ¢runcata, Wall., and C. parviflora, Wall., the latter of which is the Cumpanumea 
Celebica of Blume, and has the calyx often removed far below the ovary on the pedicel, whilst the corolla 
is still superior. ‘To these the name Cyclocodon has been applied by Griffith, and it may be retained as 
a subgeneric name. A fourth subgenus, Glossocomia, includes all the other known species, which consist 
of erect alpine plants with terminal flowers, resembling those of Hucodonopsis in all essential points. 
The genus or group Codonopsis, as thus restricted, consists of about fourteen species, inhabiting central 
and south-eastern Asia, from Soongaria and Afghanistan, the Himalaya, and Tibet, in the extreme north- 
west, to Bhotan, the Khasia Mountains, and Malayan Peninsula, and two of them being also found in 
Java. It is unknown in the peninsula of India and Ceylon. One species is perhaps Dahurean and Chinese, 
if, as is probable, the Platycodon grandiflorwm, Alph. DC., is referable to it. The genus is further remark- 
able for its comparatively narrow range in geographical area and wide range in altitude; for species are 
found at all elevations, from 3000 to 10,000 feet, and in all climates, from very wet to very dry ones. 
Puare XVI. 4. Fig. 1. Flower with the corolla and stamens removed. 2. Stigma. 3. Pollen-collectors and_ pollen. 
4. Pollen-grains. 5. Transverse section of ovary. 6. Ripe fruit. 7. Seed. 8. Vertical section of ripe fruit. 
9. Embryo :—all magnified. 
