10 
BEST FRUITS TO PLANT 
The fruits specified in the following 
lists are suitable for planting either for 
market or for home consumption, and are 
arranged in their order of ripening. 
Apples — Williams’ Favorite, Grayen- 
stein, Emperor Alexander, Green Alfris- 
to, Jonathan, Reinette de Canada, Lon- 
don Pippin, Esopus Spitzenberg, Mun- 
roe’s Favorite, Cleopatra, Rome Beauty, 
Rymer, Stcne Pippin, Rokewood. 
Pears—Williams’ Bon Chretien, Do- 
yenne, Boussoch, Gansel’s Bergamot, 
Poire de Berriays, Beurre de Capiaumont, 
Beurre Hardy, Beurre Bosc, Beurre 
d@’Anjou, Marie Louise, Eyewood, Win- 
ter Nellis, Josephine de Malines. 
Plums-—Early Rivers, Early Orleans, 
Angelina Burdett, De Montfort, Grand 
Duke, Diamond, Washington, Yellow 
Magnum Bonum, Pond’s Seedling, Coe’s 
Gelden Drop. 
Ap ricots— Oudin’s Early Peach, Royal, 
Hemskirke, Mansfield Seedling, Moor- 
park, Dundonald. 
Peaches—A msden’s June, High’s Early 
Canada, Alexander, Brigg’s Red May, 
Hale’s Early, Crimson George, Royal 
George, Elberta, Foster, Prince of Wales, 
Lady Palmerston, Salway. 
Cherries— Early Purple Guigue, Burg- 
doff’s Seedling, Twyford Bigareau, Early 
Lyons, Eagle’s Seedling, Black Bigar- 
reau, Bedford Prolific, Bigareau Napo- 
leon, Florence, St. Margaret. 
Figs — White Genoa, Large Black 
Genoa. 
Currants—Black Naples, La Versail- 
- Jaise (Red), Carter’s Black Champion, 
Bertyns No. 9. 
Strawberries—Edith, La Margauerite, 
Uptutmark, Trollope’s Victoria. 
‘Pruning should be yushed on until 
completed. 
South African Bark Trade. 
The following particulars of the black 
wattle bark trade of Natal are taken from 
the anuual report for 1905 of the Durban 
Chamber of Commerce— 
“ The quantity of black wattle exported 
in 1905 was 17,613 tons, of a declared 
value of £102,665, as against 15,819 tons 
declared value of £92,988, for the pre- 
vious year. At the beginning of the year 
1905 the mallet bark competition fore 
shadowed in last year’s report practically 
upset the Huropean markets. About 
twenty thousand tons of this article, 
which is derived from the eucalyptus 
occidentalis, a tree growing in the virgin 
forests of Western Australia, were im- 
ported into Hamburg, the chief centre of 
tbe European warkets for tanning mate- 
rial in general and wattle bark in parti- 
cular. As the Natal wattle industry is 
dependent on the Hamburg market to 
the extent of about four-fiths of the ex- 
port, it is not surprising that in conse- 
quence of the mallet bark competition 
prices for Natal black wattle bark should 
recede.” 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
Viticulture. 
GRAFTING, 
Tue practice of grafting is a very ancient 
one. We even find it mentioned so far 
back as 300 B.C, and frequently referred 
to in the old classic authors. Modern 
grafting is of course widely different to 
the ancient methods, but the principle is 
the same, 
Grafting was not applied extensively 
to the grape vine until the outbreak of 
phyll: xera, and the subsequent wholesale 
destruction of vineyards which followed. 
The operation is not a diflicult one, 
and only requires ordinary skill and in- 
telligence on the part of the grower. 
Theory of Grafting. 
Grafting is the operation of removing 
a bud or scion from one variety and 
placing it in contact with the wood of 
another variety, which is to be used as 
the stock. At the points where the scion 
and stock meet a growth appears, which 
is kuown as the callus. This gradually 
spreads until it meets and unites. The 
sap then flows between the stock and the 
scion, and the grafting is completed. The 
result of the operation is that the buds, 
leaves, blossoms and fruit of the scion are 
nourished by the sap and roots of another 
grape, whilst the roots of the st. ck ure 
developed by the leaves of the scion. 
The essential condition for success in 
graftmg is the complete and even contact 
of the surface of the scion with that of 
the stock, and care must be taken to 
b.ing the cambium or generative layers 
of the scion in close touch with those of 
the stock. The other conditions neces- 
sary for a good and rapid union of scion 
and stock are a right temperature, a cer- 
twin amount of moisture and the free 
access of air. If the temperature is too 
low the vigor of the stock is impaired, 
and either failure results or the growth of 
the scion is weak. 
On the other hand if the temperature 
is too high the scion drives up before the 
union is completed whilst sudden changes 
of temperature are always dangerous. 
The growth of the uniting tissues is 
assisted by the presence of fresh air, and 
if the junction is constantly wet the free 
access of air is impeded and the respira- 
tion of the new tissue hampered. 
Affinity. ~ 
We have already remarked that the 
physiolugical condition of the grafted 
vine is abnormal. We have two plants 
of the same species, it is true, but they 
differ widely in their habits and charac- 
teristics. ‘I'he one a wild, uncultivated 
variety from the plains, forests and moun- 
tains of America; the other the result of 
a thousand years of careful selection, 
crossing and cultivation in Europe. These 
two are, as it were, made one, and they 
become absolutely dependent on one 
another for their very existence. 
It must be obvious to the reader that 
for this union to become a complete suc- 
Avaust 6, 1906 
cess the two must be, as the French say 
en rapport, or,as nearly as the English 
language describes it, they must display- 
a marked affinity for each other. 
Affinity may be described as a com- 
plex relation between the tissue or pro- 
toplasm of the scion and that of the 
stock. Where the relation is a harmonious 
oue and the two show a liking for each. 
other, the union is soon complete and 
both flourish. The svoots of the stock 
develop indifferent to the louse so dreaded 
by its scion; the scion flourishing vigor- 
ously and bearing feuit abundantly, un- 
aisturbed by the fact that it is being 
nourished by a foreigner and an alien. 
In other cases, where the affinity is weak 
or absent neither prosper and both are 
subject to disease and even death. Others 
after displaying an apparent liking for 
each other for some years, suddenly fail’ 
to agree and the nnion is dissolved. 
The varying degree of affinity between 
the various stocks and scions can only be 
determined by years of careful experi- 
ments and patient observation, and the 
growers should not plant American vines. 
and graft them indiscriminately. 
Tools Required 
No elaborate tools are necessary for the- 
purpose of grafting: the only ones re- 
quired are a wedge knife for splitting the 
stocks and keeping the wedye open for 
cleft grafting on old vines, a pair of seca- 
teurs, a saw, and grafting knives. 
For binding the grafts the use of raftir 
is strongly recommended. It can be pro- 
cured from any seedsman for about a Is. 
a pound: it is very light, and one pound 
will do many thousand grafts. It is 
strong, and at the same time soft and. 
supple, and much better for the purpose | 
than str.ng. [t does not rot easily, but in. 
wet localities’ or very moist soils it 
should be soaked in a very weak solut.on. 
of bluestone before using. ‘This prevents. 
it rotting before the graft has united. 
Care should be taken to rinse it in 
clean water after soaking in the bluestone 
solution, otherwise the copper might in- 
jure the cellular tissue of the callus. 
Wool is also suitableas a binding mate-. 
rial, whilst fine rubber is the best liga- 
ture for use in green grafting. 
Methods of Grafting 
The chief consideration in the question. 
of grafting is the choice of methods to be 
employed, «or practical purposes we will 
limit ourselyes to the seven principal. 
ones, and select the best. Grafting may 
be performed upon either cuttings or 
upon rooted vines. The best known 
methods are the following— 
1 Single or double cleft grafting ... For 
old vines, 
2 Side grafting or Cadillac method... . 
for old vines. 
3 English cleft grafting... For cuttings 
or young rooted vines, 
4 English whip tongue grafting ... For 
cuttings or young rooted vines. 
5 Splice grafting... For cuttings or 
young rooted vines. 
