10 
THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
Aprit 15, 1906 
surroundings—deposits of dung, manure, and 
rubbish, stagnant drainage, and the like—ideal 
conditions for maintaining germ life. As in- 
stances of such filth diseases, Fetanus (lockjaw), 
and influenza in horses, anthrax and abortion 
in cattle, swine fever and fowl cholera may be 
mentioned. 
Want of cleanly surroundings, especially of 
working horses, encourage skin diseases, such as 
mange, eczema, psoriasis (mallanders), crackled 
heels, mud fever, and grease. ‘Foul in the 
foot” of cattle, and foot-rot in sheep are other 
cases in point. 
Species or Kind, 
Certain diseases are peculiar to certain kinds 
of animals. Animals of the cattle tribe are 
alone liable to contract ‘contagious Pleuro- 
pneumonia, Tick fever, Black leg, Milk fever, 
and Rinderpest. Strangles, Roaring, and String- 
halt are peculiar to horses, and no animal but 
the dog is ever affected with Distemper: while 
Swine fever, Multiple abscess (Lymphadenitis) 
and roup are examples of dis-ase which are con- 
fined to pigs, sheep, and fowls respectively. In 
addition to typhoid fever, syphilis, and appen- 
decitis, a whole host of diseases could be men- 
tioned to which man olone is liable. 
Conversely, certain diseases never affect 
certain kinds of animals, Cattle are completely 
exempt from Glanders, horses from Foot-and- 
mouth disease, dogs from liver Fluke, sheep 
from Purpura, and pigs from Redwater. Donkeys, 
mules, and goats are peculiarly insusceptible to 
most of the diseases which ravage the closely 
allied species—horses and sheep. ‘Lhus donkeys 
seldom suffer from any of the bony affections 
which are so common in horses, and they, as 
also goats, are practically immune against Tuber- 
culosis, Anthrax, and the virulent affections of 
closely-related species. Such diseases, as Foot- 
and-mouth disease in cattle, Glanders in horses, 
Rabies in dogs, and Fluke in sheep, while being 
primarily bovine, equine, canine, and ayine 
diseases respectively, may also affect other 
species, but in such cases the attack is frequently 
much modified in type and milder in form. 
Hrequently anatomical and physiological dif- 
ferences may determine the incidence of diseases 
peculia: to a species as in the case of appendi- 
citis in man, Sidesbones and Roaring in horses, 
and Foot-rot in sheep; but what the influence 
is which determines the iufluence on particular 
species of animals of the diseases mentioned in 
the last but one preceding paragraph, is not 
satisfactorily known. Some light has been 
thrown on this aspect of the incidence of 
diseases by researches on the subject of immu- 
nity whereby it may be speculated that differ- 
ences in chemical composition and physiological 
affinities of the component parts of blood cells 
and blood serum of different animals may 
account for the susceptibility of some species 
over others to special diseases. This subject 
will be more fully discussed under the heading 
of “Immunity” ; for it may here be said that 
the most hopeful prospects of elucidating the 
problem lies in those directions to which serum- 
study leads. = ; 
(To be continned,) 
E. and W. Hackett 
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Export Poultry. 
By D. F. Lauri. 
TxxrE have been various expressions of opinion. 
of late as to the requirements of the London mar- 
ket. Lhe matter is very important, as, unless the 
class of bird approved in the English markets be 
sent, loss and disappointment will result. 
ConpITION. 
There is an excellent market for young, well- 
fleshed birds, anda poor one for ill fed specimens. 
a specimen laden with fat is not the quality de- 
manded, Heavy weight and accumulations of fat 
are disliked. What is required is abundance of 
meat of fine quality, and nota super-abundance 
of fat. This matter is well recognised in Canada, 
where they copy, as closely as possible, the 
methods adopted in the Heathfield fattenin 
establishments in England, Our breeders mld 
do well to study this question even for the local 
market. There can be no doubt that it pays 
neither buyer nor seller to deal in half-starved 
birds. The condition that is suitable for a bird 
intended for stock or show purposes is not suitable 
for a ‘market fowl. 
CaNnapiaAN Experiment. 
The following appears in the evidence given 
before the Select Sanding Committee of Agricul- 
ture, Canada, by Professor J. W. Robertson:— 
“I brought in the market, Ottawa, 101 chickens, 
just as they were brought there alive to be sold 
for food. I did not get the best on the market, 
and I would not take the worst. When I got 
these chickens home I killed three average 
chickens as soon as I could, I selected them asa 
fair average of the lot. I had them dressed and 
steamed until they were fairly tender. After 
being steamed they were put aside, wrapped in 
napkins for two days. During that time they 
probably lost a little in weight, but notvery much 
as they were wrapped up. I then took them and 
carefully removed all the edible portion. I found 
that the edible portion on these three chickens 
weighed 2 lb 6 0z. They were a fair average of 
the 101 chickens which I had bought. After I 
had fed the chickens for five weeks (and mine 
were not fed by the cramming machine), I again 
selected three chickens, as nearly the average as 
Icould select them, and killed them. I treated 
them in precisely the same way as the first lot, 
After removing the edible portion I found that I 
had 7 |b 6 oz off the three. ‘That is, I had more 
cold chicken for the table per chicken from those 
which had been fattened than I had of the whole 
three that were killed before being fattened.” It 
must, of course, be noted that the fattened chickens 
were thirty-six days older than those killed before 
fattening. 
Waar Lonpon Dozs Nor Lixz. 
London poulterers have a strong objection to 
poorly fleshed birds of any sort, They object to 
prominent breastbones, or too much leg—the leg 
is an inferior part of the bird. Dark or black 
legs are much disliked, no matter how good the 
quality of flesh and condition. Yellow skin and 
flesh are disliked, although a creamy tint will 
muster, Very large birds, or those which, 
yea running about, have become muscular, 
are not appreciated. Coarse. overgrown birds 
will not command good prices, 
War Win Sur. 
Plump, white-skinned and flesh chickens, say, 
14 to 18 weeks old, and ranging up to 5 lb weight. 
Yellow legs will pass muster as long as the skin 
on the body of the chick is not too pronounced in 
color; as stated, a creamy tint is not disliked 
The birds most suitable for the proauction of the 
best table fowls for the purpose in view have 
been stated many times. At the risk of impartin 
stale news, I will again give them, pointing ou® 
that the introduction of Game blood (Old English 
o (ndian) as a first cross only, will give that 
ruid, woll-fleshe1 braast so much liked, and in 
