14 THE AUSTRALIAN GARDENER. 
Aerating milk frees it from the odours + because the ontlet is usually small and 
absorbed in the milking shed or from 
‘food eaten by the cow, while cooling is 
beneficial because it retards the growth of 
bacterial life. 
‘Failure to catch the public taste has 
‘followed the attempt to produce butter 
with the mild flavor that results from 
pasteurisation and the use of pure cul- 
ture. The taste for some modicum of salt 
is almost universal, 
Clean, fresh water is essential to robust 
health in pigs as in other animals: with- 
out, the stomach and intestines cannot be 
held in proper digestive tone, and the ful- 
lest value is not got out of the food. 
In Sweden the dairy experts who travel 
about the rural districts giving practical 
demonstrations in dairy work and afford- 
ing advice to those desiring it, are em- 
ployed Ly the provincial authorities or 
local societies. 
Fourteen years of the practical use of 
payment by results on the milk test have 
shown the: absolute fairness, simplicity 
and accuracy of the method. 
Stated that very few, if any Australian . 
butter factories ever use more than eight 
ozs of preservative per cwtin butter made 
for export—that is, 3 per cent, 
No matter what the clitatic conditions 
may be, all things considered, there is no 
use to which land can be s0 profitably 
applied as dairying and its various 
branches. ; 
In districts and at factories where diffi- 
culty is experienced in choosing butter of 
uniform quality owing to weedy and rank 
pastures or other causes, the remedy is 
pasteurisation. 
One reason of butter taking a long time 
to come” is that the temperature is too 
low, and the cream will not churn until 
it has been raised by the concussion of 
churning up to the proper point. 
The capacity of the Australian soil and 
climate for intensive dairying is un- 
doubted, but unless these advantages are 
backed up by intelligent and determined 
effort on the part of milk producers the 
progress will not be rapid. 
When cream is churned too warm the 
larger fat globules unite so rapidly that 
the granules of butter are formed before 
the smaller globules have been collected, 
and as a result the loss in the butter milk 
is more tnan it should be. : 
The condition of the dairying industry 
in most of the Australian States is that, 
even under the most adverse conditions 
of seasons. it can be relied on for a large 
and valuable export trade, and its possi- 
bilities under favorable conditions cannot 
be over estimated. : 
The cause of fluctuation in the supply 
of butter for export’ is invariably the re- 
sult of a sudden variation in the supply of, 
feed for .the cows, owing to want. .of 
Inanagement on the part of the dairy 
farmer in neglecting to provide cultivated 
fodder fur their herds during times of 
scarcity of the natural pasture. 
An alinost unfailing indication of the 
easy milker is flat ends to the teats. Cows 
with pointed ends to the teats wiik hard 
* much forcing is required to squeeze ont 
the milk. ‘ 
Among the teaching institutions in 
Sweden receiving support from the Go- 
vernment are two dairy schools in the 
north and eighteen model dairy stations 
for the training of dairymaids. 
Thousand-Headed Kale. 
A Tasmanian correspondent writes — 
With the advance in the production of 
fat Jamb raising for export. any reference 
to a fodder plant likely to prove useful 
t» sheepbreeders in general, or to those 
more closely associated with the produc- 
tion of lambs for market, should be use- 
ful. Kale is gradually finding its way. to 
the. front rank solely on account of its 
great worth as one of the best plants for 
fattening purposes. The: preparation of 
the Jand is similar to that for rape, and 
the larger the amount of labor put into 
the land intended for the growth of kale, 
the greater will be the amount uf foud 
produced. : 
Always bear in mind that heavy crop- 
pers, whether it be mangold, rape, car- 
rots or kale, require plenty of manure if 
you want the best results. 
Kale if well cultivated and manured 
has proved its worth. I haye seen it well 
on to its second year after planting with © 
Sprouts as good as ever, having been cut 
off and fed to sheep the first time and 
then fed off by sheep for quite twelve 
months afterwards. The system of seed- 
ing was with a drill, each row of seed 
being 3 ft apart and the plants thinned 
out with a hoe to 18 inches. 
Plenty of stable manure was used on 
the land, and the horse hoe kept going 
until the plants were about 18 inches 
high. : ; 
I saw some of this kale cut to feed 
sheep quite 4 feet 6 inches long, and they 
ate every part of it. Z 
I have seen a 30-acre paddock put in 
with the horse drill, on which nitro super- 
phosphate was used as heavy as the drill 
would pass it 24 lbs of seed costing 2s 
6d per acre, being mixed with the manure, 
tne seed drills 3 ‘ft apart. The crop of 
plants is’ rather thick,’ but the-horse hoe 
passed across: the rows will make a fine 
paddock of feed and give room for culti- 
vation where necessary. é ; 
Kale alone, unlike rape, will not scour 
the sheep, fattens readily, and is a grand 
milk. producing ‘food for cows, and once - 
established stands the dry weather well— 
comes again after every rain. ‘ : 
Once tried, no sheep breeder would be 
without it. . 
Frost does not affect it; and it is often 
at its best-in'winter time Sow in spring 
time, and: it will be’ready when other 
feed is fading away. : ange o 
Those who read these lines‘may think 
the trouble too much, but try a little 
quarter-acre plot; it will convince you 
that what you have read is reliable infor- 
mutlons + | * 8 
SepremBer 1, 1906 
Corns on Horses’ Feet. 
Corns in horses are not excrescences, 
but are due to bruising of the angle of 
the sole by the heel of the shoe, and 
what is wanted is not ruthless paring, 
but the prevention of further. injury. 
Hunting in his “ Art of Horse Shoeing” 
says :— A corn, be it remembered, is 
not a tumour or growth; it is merely a 
bruise of the sensitive font under the 
horn of the sole. It shows itself by 
staining the horn red, just as a bruise on 
the human body shows a staining of. the 
skin above it. To‘ cut out acorn’ with 
the idea of removing it’ is simply an 
ignorant proceeding If acorn be slivht, ~ 
_all that is necessary is to take off the 
pressure of the shoe and this is assisted 
by removing a thin slice or two of the 
horn at the part. 
very great, matter may be found under 
the horn, and, of course, must be let out 
by removal of the horn of it. Provided 
there is no reason to believe that matter 
has formed a corn—that is, the bruised 
and discoloured horn—should not be duy 
out.in the ruthless manner so. commonly . 
adopted. Cutting away all the horn 2: 
the sole at the heels leaves the wall with 
out any support. When the show rests 
upon the wall it is unable to sustain the 
weight without yielding, and thus an ad- 
ditional cause of irritation and soreness 
is manufactured. . The excessive paring 
of corns is the chief reason. of the difti- 
culty of getting permanently rid of them. 
The simplest device for taking all pressure 
offa corn is to cut off 14 inches of the 
inner heel of the shoe. With the three- 
quarter shoe a horse will soon go sound 
and its foot will then resume its healthy 
state. The saying ‘once a corn always a 
corn’ is not true, but it is true that a 
bruised heel is tender and liable to bruise 
again, from very slight uneveness of pres- 
sure, for, at least, three months. All that 
is necessary is cure in fitting and ab- 
stention from removal of too much horn. 
from the part.” fi 
SO Ren er En 
‘Whitewash that will not rab off. 
A first-class whitewash is made by dis- 
solving 2 lbs. of ordinary glue in 7 pints 
of water, and when all is dissolved ad- 
ding 6 ozs. of bichromate of potassium’ 
dissolved in a pint of hot water. Stir 
the mixture up well, and then add suffi- 
cient whiting to make it up to the usual 
consistency, and apply with a brush in the 
ordinary manner as quickly as possible. 
This dries in a very short time, and by 
the action of light, becomes converted 
into a perfectly insoluble waterproof sub- 
stance, which does not wash off even with 
hot water, and at the same time does not 
give rise to.monld growth, as’ whitewash 
made up with size often does. It may be 
coloured to any desired shade by the use 
of a trace of any aniline dye or powdered 
colouring, while by the addition of a 
small proportion of calcic sulphite its an: 
tiseptic power is much increased. 
When the injury .is ” 
4 
